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TRANSACTIONS
^n^E K.IO j^isr
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
. -^!
HALL OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA,
LOGAN SQUARE.
1896.
PRESS OF C. STOCKHAUSEN. PHILADELPHIA.
LIST OK PAPERS.
Aldkich, J. M.
The Dipterous genera Trachytrechus and Macellocrrus . i^ 1
ASHMEAD, W. H.
Descriptions of new Parasitic Hynienoptera . . .17!'
Banks, Nathan.
New North American Spiders and Mites . .57
BoDiNE, Donaldson.
The Taxonomic value of the Antennae of the Lepidoptera. 1
DiETz, William G., ]M.D.
Revision of the genera and species of Ceutorhyucliiiii inhabiting North America ..... 387
Fox, William J.
Supplement of "the Crabroninre of Boreal America." . 78
Gillette, C, P.
A monograph of the genus Synergus Hartig . . 8.")
Hancock, J. L.
On Illinois Grouse Locusts . . . . . .235
IIulst, George D.
A Classification of the Geometrina of North America, with descriptions of new genera and species . . 245
Leng and Hamilton,
The Lamiinre of North America by C. W. Long, with notes and descriptions by John Hamilton, M.D. . 101
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
AMKRICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETV
VOIvUIVEE XXIII,
THE TAXOXOmC VAI.I'E OF THE ANTEHTX/E OF THE L,EI*Il>OI>TEKA.
A THESIS PRESEXTED TO THE FACULTY OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY MAY 1, 1895, FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF SCIEXCE.
BY DONALDSON BODINE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.— Classification, methods uf study, material, methods, normal position.
MORPHOLOGY.— Position, parts, insertion.
HI8TOLO(tY. — Ooneral structure, covering, protective hairs, scales, sense-organs, sense-hairs — three types, pits and rods, cones, "Johnston's organ."
FUNCTION.— Touch, taste, smell, hearing.
EVOLUTION OF ANTENN.E. -Primitive form, scape, pedicel, clavola, spe- cialization, ventral exjiansion, pectination, differentiation of sen.se-haii"s_ chitinous surface, fixed-hairs, plates.
DISCUSSION OF FAMILIES.— Jugatie, Frenatte. Generalized Freuat^e, Spe- cialized Macrofrenatse, Frenulum-conservci"s, Frenulura-losers.
SUMMARY.
CONCLUSION.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES.
INTRODUCTION.
The avowed aim of all modern classification in biological science is to gronp together those forms of life which have a close genetic ivlationship, and to show how they are related.
Thoiigli not always evident at first, there can be no donbt that community of descent atibrds the surest guide to similarity in the
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. (1) JAXUAR\% 1896.
!i DONALDSON BODINE.
greatest number of cliaracters. Mr. Darwin-'^ has called attention to the fact that, however unconsciously on the part of the systeniatist, descent has really entered into the classification in that no matter to what degree the two sexes may differ in the most important charac- ters, they are placed together in the same most limited division, the species. The ideal natural system would consist of a complete gene- alogical table of all forms, exhibiting the phylogenies of groups and their subdivisions. There could be only one such perfect system, but it would admit of various expression. However far we are from its attainment, we may well be glad that a start has been made in the right direction. The attention of students is now being directed from the analytic to the synthetic aspect of the subject. From a dry, wearying process of sorting and pigeon-holing different forms for convenience in management, we have advanced to a study of theii" development and of the varying lines of descent through which they have attained their present condition — a study of great philosophic importance and of absorbing interest to the student.
In his " Evolution and Taxonomy,"t Professor Comstock suggests that " the logical way to go to work to determine the affinities of a group of organisms is first to endeavor to ascertain the structure of the primitive members of this group, and then endeavor to learn in what v/ays these primitive forms have been modified by natural selection, keeping in mind that in each generation those forms have survived whose parts were best fitted to perform their functions." He lilso suggests that the study be prosecuted by applying the method to a single organ ; then to another, and so on till a consistent history is obtained. The essay gives his study of the evolution of the wings of insects, especially of the Lepidoptera, and presents a provisional system of classification based upon the results of that study. At the suggestion of Professor Comstock, and under his dii'ection and encouragement, the present study of the antennie has been undertaken.
The material for the work has been obtained largely from my own collecting in the vicinity of Ithaca, N. Y., and I have been allowed to avail myself freely of specimens from the extensive collection of the University. The slides of mounted antennae of all specimens used in the mori)hological study are deposited in the University collection.
••• The Origin of Species. New York, 1878, p. 372.
t Evolution and Taxonomy, Wilder Quarter-Centu'-y Book, Ithaca, N. Y., 1893, pp. 38-39.
ANTENNiE OF LEPIDOPTERA. 6
I wish to ticknowlcd^t' my i:rcat indebtedness to Professor Com- stock for his coustiint readiness with suugestioii and advice and for the invahiable assistance lie iias given nie throngh his jjapers and by personal conversations. I am also nnder obligations to Mr. Alex. D. ]\IaeGillivray for tlic invariable kindness with wliicli he has aided me in the work.
For morphological study the antennae were removed from the head, and, after dehydration in 95 per cent, alcohol and subsequent im- mersion in clearer, mounted in Canada balsam. Each slide was labeled with the name of the species, sex, and the side from which the antenna w'as removed. The last item is of great importance, as it enables the observer to determine the relative aspects in the subse- quent study.
For histological study the antenuai were removed with great cai'e not to tear away the soft parts at the base. Some were fixed and hardened with parts of the head still attached. The chitin f(n-ms A dense covering over the softer parts, and it was possible to obtain better results in the fixing and hardening, and especially in the in- filtration with collodion, if the antenna was first cut into moderate lengths so as to allow the fluids to work in from the ends. The tissues were fixed in various fluids. The Pici-o-aceto-sublimate, de- vised by Dr. P. A. Fish, gave the best results. It is composed of fifty per cent, alcohol, lOOOcc. ; glacial acetic acid, 5cc. ; corrosive sublimate, 5 grams ; picric acid, 1 gram. After immersion in this fixer for twenty-four hours, the tissues were passed through '}0, 67, 82 and 95 per cent, alcohols and imbediled in collodion. The wlu)le was cleared in the castor-thyme oil mixture* — red oil of thyme, three parts ; castor oil, one part. Where exti-a thin sections were desirable, the cut surface was painted with one per cent, collodion before each section was made. This aided very materially in pre- venting the tearing away of the softer parts from the tough chitin. For staining, both Delafield's hematoxylin and the simple hema- toxylin with a counter-stain of eosin produced excellent results.
After considerable study of the natural attitude of the antennae in live specimens, both in flight and at i-est, and also of the position taken when the insect is killed and .-spread, the conclusion has been reached that the normal position is assumed when the antenn;e are extended directly laterad, with the most specialized surfaces ventrad,
* A New Clearer for Col lud ionized Ohjei'ts, I\ A. Fish. Proc. Am. Micr. Soc. vol. XV, pp. 86-89, 1H93.
TRANS. AM. K.\T. SOC. XXIII. JANUARY, 1896.
4 DONALDSON BODINE.
and the pectinations, where they exist, arising from the ventral sur- face. Some exceptions to the last clause will be noted later. This description of the normal position and Fig. 26, representing the de- nuded head and its appendages of Sphiiu- cher.'^is, will make clear the application of the terms of position and direction employed in the following pages. The natural position varies greatly in different species. In some the antennae are directed nearly cei)halad ; in others, almost as nearly caudad ; and all the possible positions be- tween these extremes may be assumed. As the antenna^ are true appendages, however, the general rule for the normal })osition of appendages should obtain in all cases.
MORPHOLOGY.
The antenme belong to the pre-oral somite, and are usually the most conspicuous pair of appendages of the head. They are slender, segmented organs, and are inserted symmetrically, one on each side of the meson, on the dorso-cephalic surface between or cephalad of the compound eyes. In the Papilionina and Hesperiina, according to Mr. Scudder,* and so far as I have observed, in the other Lepi- doptera, the antenniie are inserted at the ends of the suture between the epicranium and the clypeus, see Fig. 26. Kolbef says that, " In the Diptera, Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, whose mouth-parts are stunted, absent, or transformed into sucking organs, the antennae are l)rought very near each other, while in the biting insects they usually are sej)arated from each other." Mlcropteryx, one of the Jugatse, which has retained its mouth-})arts slightly modified, has its an- tennae inserted (|iiite far cephalad and relatively far apart; thus it offers a peculiar confirmation of the generalization of Kolbe. It would seem that, since the change in function of the mouth-parts has not yet become complete, as indicated by the presence of those organs in a condition less modified than in the other Lepidoptera, the migration of the bases of the antennae has not progressed so far as elsewhere in the order. The insertions here are at the ends of the clypeal suture, but the sutui'e itself is strongly curved with the ends bent cephalad.
The proximal segment of the antenna is the largest and is termed
* The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada, in three Vols., by S. H. Scudder, Cambridge, 18H9, vol. i. p. 37.
t Einfnhnuifi in die Kenntnis der Insekten, von H. J. Koll)e. Berlin, 1(S93, p. 179.
ANTENNiE OF LEPIDOI'TERA. 5
the scape, Fig. 26. Next it is the pedicel, which is smaller than the scape, but larger than the segments immediately distad of it, except among some of the Hesperiina and Papilionina. The scape and pedicel together are often called the base, while all the remaining segments make up the clavola. Among the moths the latter is often pectinate, or feather-like, Fig. 8. There is much confusion in the nomenclature of this form, ])ut in the following pages the general form will be tei'med pectinate ; the })art made up of the bodies of the segments, the shaft; and the projections, pectinations; Fig. 8, sh. and pe. Among the skij)[)ers and l)utterflies the clavola is divided into a proxinud, thread-like portion, the funicle, or stalk ; and a distal, fusiform, or clavate part, the club. Figs. 4 and 5.
The scape is inserted into a little cup-like depression of the head, and is itself more or less rounded in at the i)roximal end. Very often a constriction causes this end to take the shape of a spherical knob, which, with the corresponding cavity in which it fits, makes a very serviceable ball and socket joint. This permits great freedom of motion in many planes, and to a considerable extent provides for a rotary motion. The scape and pedicel also are joined in such a manner as to allow considerable movement. The other joints, how- ever, are comparatively stiff and afford little or no motion.
HISTOLOGY.
The scape is abundantly sup])lied with strong, striated muscles, while in the other segments of all forms I have examined in sections, I have been unable to demonstrate the presence of muscular tissue. Fig. 20 represents a longisection of a segment with the two joints at the ends and shows the shape of the contiguous parts. The chitinous parts are held together by a tough, compact membrane, and it is due to the elasticity of the latter that, when the clavola is flexed by ex- ternal force, it is able of itself to resume its natural shape. A .sec- tion of this membrane is well shown in fig. 18, me. Figs. 20 and 22 will make clear the internal anatomy of the clavola. Just entad of the chitinous coat is a layer of varying thickness composed of dermal and nerve-cells with numerous interlacing nerve-fibres. Along the ventral part of the shaft runs ji large tracheal trunk supplying the branches to the segments. Just dorsad of this trachea lie a pair of large nerves wbieh come from the frontal ganglion and send out branclies to the various organs of sen.se locateil in the antenna. The
TKANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. JANUARY. 189(J
(J DONALDSON BODINE.
remainder of the substance found in the interior is the blood, which freely bathes the tissues and provides for their nourishment.
The chitinous covering of the antennae is of the same general character as that of the body, but it is neither so thick nor so com- pact in structure. It lies just ectad of the layer of dermal cells making up the limiting stratum of the vital tissues of the insect and is doubtless formed by the secretion from those cells. Its surface is fre(|uently marked off into more or less nearly hexagonal areas. Fig. 34, which, in some cases, are said by various authorities to corre- spond to the underlying layers of cells. They are limited by very thin, continuous ridges of chitin sometimes, e. g. in Notolophus lea- costigma, Fig. 30, raised as high as 3 m. from the surface. In other cases there is an external layer of overlapping j^lates which may or may not mark the outlines of the dermal cells. Figs. 38 and 39. The surface of the plates is often broken up into fine points and ridges which frequently obscure the outlines of the plates themselves. In still other forms there is a covering of fine hairs which are really simple projections of the chitin itself and quite different from the true hairs described below. Fig. 40.
The many structures found on the antenme of the Le})idoptera which have originated from the interior may all be regarded as modifications of a simple hair. Each has its origin in a hypodermal cell, and therefore is connected with the interior through a pore- canal. The simplest form is that of a simple, protective hair, situ- ated at the ectal end of a pore-canal. In the structure of the chi- tinized parts it differs slightly, if at all, from the sense-hair described later, but it lacks any connection with the vital tissues. Whether it is an imperfect form of sense-hair, or whether it is in the condition best adapted to the function it has to perform, is a question Ave are unable to answer.
A simple ffattening out of a hair, followed by some corresponding changes in the secondary details of structure, would give the type of a scale. These also arise from a hypodermal cell, though in the imago the connection is lost. Fig. l(j shows the position and manner of insertion of the scales. The pedicel, or stalk, is set in a goblet shaped cell lying in the chitin with its long axis nearly perj)endicular to the surface, but pointing slightly distad. The bottom of the cup is at the end of a pore-canal, but there is no evident vital connection with the interior. When the scale is extracted, or has fallen out, the insertion-cups have the appearance of two externally tangent, or
antexx.t: of lepidoptera. t
slightly overlapping circle, the distal one a little the larger. This manner of insertion differs considerably from that found in tiie wing- membrane and described by Professor Kellogg.* There the cups have their long axes nearly parallel with the surface, and they seem rather to be built up upon the membrane than to be hollowed out of it.
Scales vary greatly in form in different j)artsof the sanie antenna. The scape bears a patch of extremely long, little specialized scales spread over the dorsal surface towards the distal end and forming one or two very pronounced, often strongly colored tufts. Single scales of this kind attain great length, while their thickness remains small. One from the scape of a male Hemileuca maia measured 1888 X 5.2 vi. Mr. Scudder saysf that in the butterflies (by which term he includes the Hesperiina and Papilionina) the basal pai't of the base (i e., the scape) is always naked. In many cases, however, these tufts cover at least the distal half of the scape ; in some all the surface except that Avhich forms a part of the joint. This tuft- ing is carried to an extreme, or rather it is reinforced in a peculiar manner among the Epipaschiin?e. Here the length of the scales is supplemented by an extension of the dorsal surface of the scape into a long process, which in some sjiecies reaches nearly to the abdomen. Fig. 28. This is thickly clothed with long, spatulate scales, the whole forming a very prominent feature in the appearance of the insect. It is regarded l>y ^Ir. Hulst^; as a secondary sexual development.
On the clavola the scales are more specialized, and have the same form as those on the wing of the same insect. Among the moths, for the most part, they are arranged on the dorsal surface in two transverse bands, the scales themselves lying with their long axes parallel with the axis of the clavola, and the free ends pointed distad, Fig. 49. Thus the scales of the distal band cover the joint between the segment on which they are born and the one succeeding. In many pectinate forms the pectinations also bear scales. Even in those antennse which are scaled apparently over their whole surface, there is a comparatively free space on the ventral and more highly specialized face.
* The Taxonomic Value of the Seniles of the Lepidoptera, V. L. Kellogg. Kansas I'niv. Quar.. vol. iii. No. 1, pp. 49-50.
t The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada, p. 37. i Entoniologica Americana, vol. v, p. 44.
TR.\NS. AM. EXT. SOC. XX III. JANTARV, 1896.
8 • DONALDSON BODINE.
Of the various antennal organs which have a communication with nerves, and are therefore presumably organs of special sense, I shall describe six kinds :
1. Short, slender, pointed sense-hairs which are hollow, but closed at the free ends ; Fig. 23, 1 , shows these in their relation to the rest of the antenna; Fig. 13 represents a section magnified about 500 diameters. The hair is attached to the chitinous ring at the end of a pore-canal. It has been described as movably articulated, but there is no muscular tissue connected with it as with the hair of ^[ammuls. The elasticity of the connecting zone of chitin may allow a certain amount of flexion and of subsequent extension, but it can scarcely be said to be movable in the active sense. In the specimens I have examined the external part of the hair does not exceed 45 m. in length, and it is usually more or less flexible. From the interior a fibre from a branch of the antennal nerve passes out into the cavity of the hair. Ruland* says the question whether the nerve, ascending through the pore-canal to a ganglioual swelling, ends in the base ; or whether it sends up a modified continuation into the interior, is not yet settled. He is unable to decide to his satisfaction. Some of my preparations seem to me to show clearly that the nerve itself extends some distance into the hair. Just entad of the hair Hes a large nerve-cell. It is more or less ovate in form, with the smaller end produced into the pore-canal. It contains from three to six nuclei, which are coarsely granular in apjiearance. Au " axis-cylinder" is clearly visible in the apical part of the cell, but it fades from sight toward the middle.
This ty})e of sense-hair has a wide distribution. It occurs very generally in both the Jugatic and the Frenatie. Mr. Scudderf says that in no instance has he observed the antennae of the butterflies clothed with hairs. He doubtless refers, however, to hairs of a dif- ferent type described below. Those of the fir.st kind are more or less abundant in many forms.
2. Long, very stout and rigid bristles or hail's, closed at the end ; Fig. 14 represents a section of one from a nuile 0 1 1 Ioshdi ia p romet liea. These are easily recognizable by their thick l)a.<<' and tapering form^ and also by their characteristic insertion. They have a distinct,
■■ Beitrage zur Keimtniss der Anteniialen Siuiu'sorsiane der Iii.sekteu, Franz Rulaud, H:iinl)iirg. Zeit.schrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologio, vol. xlvi. pp. G02- 628.
t Buftcrtiius of Eastern United States and Canada, vol. i, p. 37.
AXTENX.E OF J.EiM JJOPTKKA. 9
compact ring suiTouiidiiig tlie |X)int of attachnient and rising up around the l)ase of tlie In'i.-^tle. They vary greatly in size. Tliey are usually shorter than the third type of sense-hair, but in some cases they are longer. In Xotolojjhiis leucodujma, Fig. :-50, they measure 350 m. It is extremely difficult to obtain good sections of the soft parts of these sense-organs, because of the toughness of the chitinous parts, and the ease with which the cellular elements tear away from them in the cutting. As shown in Fig. 14, we have here more than one cell in connection with the sense-hair. I liave been unable to determine whether all three are nerve-cells and receive branches from the nerve-trunk. That at least one is supplied with a nerve is cer- tain. At a later date, with fresh material, I hope to devote further study to the histology of this form. Whether in all these cases the cell is really a nerve-cell and has true nerve processes, is a matter of <l(>uljt. AVhether the nerve is really a part of the cell, or sin)ply intimately connected with it by the apposition of a brush end has not been determined, and could j)erhaps be oatisfactorily demonstrated only by the application of the ( Jolgi method. AVhichever condition may be the true one, however, it is doubtless constant in all forms, and so cannot affect the problem under consideration in this paper.
The distribution of the sense-hair of the second ty})e is as wide as that of the first type, but the number is limited to a very few on a single segment.
8. Long, rather stout and stiff hairs which, like those first de- scribed, are hollow and closed at the free ends ; Fig. 23, 3, shows these in relation to the rest of the antenna, and Fig. 12 represents a section of one from a male Callosamia promethea, magnified about 500 diameters. It will be seen from the figure that the structure differs but little from the first type. The nerve-cell, however, is relatively smaller, and the hair is more firmly attached. The ex- ternal portion of the hair usually measures from 80 to 100 )n. I have found none less than 75 m., while some attain a length of 350 m. In distribution they are more limited than the other types. They do not occur in the Jugatse, nor in the Hesperiina and Papili- onina.
4. Pits, or depressions, guarded at the opening l)y stiff i)rojections of chitin, ami containing single rods or cones, which are connected with nerves from the interior; Fig. 15 represents a section of one from a male Callommi a promethea. In this species the pit is a de- pression in the chitin from 8 to 10 m. deep, and of almut the same
TEANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XX III. (2) JANUAKY, 1896.
10 DONALDSON BODINE.
diameter. Rising from the floor is a chitinous cone about 3 vi. in diameter at the base and 6 m. high. The apex is somewhat atten- uate and is open. The nerv^ous apparatus is much like that in the first type of sense-hair. It is broader at the apical part and passes directly into the cone, filling the broad base. Sometimes two, or even three of these pits are grown together. In such cases there is a reduplication of all parts. Among the butterflies they are much deeper, and are supplied with stiff* guarding projections from the walls, Fig. 17. The cone, also, is smaller in diameter at the base, and is almost or quite rod-like in form. In at least some cases, e. g. Pijramels eardni, there is a circle of stiff* points around the base of the cone. Hauser* describes such a bristle circle in Vanessa io. Kraepelin and Raland,t however, from the study of diff*erent species, dispute the existence of such a structure. Pits have a wide distri- bution throughout the whole order. They are found for the most part on the ventral surfaces both of the shaft and of the pectina- tions. In the butterflies they are most numerous on the club. Hauser says they are not limited to the two terminal segments alone, as Lespes has declared, but are spread over the whole club. In Van- essa atalanta I have found them in all but the three proximal seg- ments of the clavola.
5. Short projections which have become so thick as to lose their character of hairs, and which in many cases have a covering con- tinuous with the general integument of the segments ; Fig. 20, 5, represents the form of these cones and shows their relation to the segment. Fig. 18 represents a section of one from a male (h/lo- samia promethea. The nerve apparatus resembles that of the rods in the pits described under 4. In fact the whole api)aratus seems like an everted pit. The termination of the cone varies in different species. In some the end is blunt and even hollowed out; in others there is a fine point at the a})ex ; in still others there are several points. Figs. 41-45. The distribution of the cones is wide. They occur in all the families of the Frenatje, excepting the Hesperiina and Papilionina, and possibly the Fyromor[)hid:c. They are not fi)und in the Jugataj. Notwithstanding their broad distribution, there is usually only a single one on a segment, and in many cases only on the segments of the distal portion of the clavola.
* Physiologische uiid histologische Uiitersuchtunjieii iibcr dus Geruchsorfjander Insekten, Gustav Hauser, Eiiangen. Zeit. fur wiss. Zool., vol. xxxiv, pp. 3G7-403 (1880).
f Anteiiiialen Sinnesurgano. Zeit. fur wiss. Zool., vol. xlvi, i)p. G02-628.
AXTENN.E OF LEPIDOl'TKUA. 11
6. There is another set of nervous appuratus whicli, though it cannot aftbrd any taxononiic characters, at least not without invol- ving the careful preparation of difficult sections, may throw some light on the question of function. It is always situated in the pedi- cel. Fig. 19 represents a section through the apparatus in the an- tenna of a male Callosamia 2}roviethea. It is a sagittal section of the ventral half of the pedicel, with parts of the adjacent segments ; but the apparatus extends around the whole segment, so that a lon- gisection in any plane would present essentially the same appear- ance. As the antennal nerve-trunk enters the pedicel, it gives off on all sides nuiiierous branches, which extend peripherad. When it approaches the outer wall each nerve bends distad and joins a nerve-cell with a distinct nucleus. Extending distad from the cell is a long, slender rod with one or more nucleal bodies. These rods are gathered into small conical bundles and terminate within pores situated in the mend)ranous ring which connects the chitinized walls of the pedicel and the proximal joint of the clavola. It will be remembered that the base is the movable part of the antenna ; while the clavola, except in case of the application of external force, is as one piece. It at once becomes evident that any movement of the clavola upon the base, whether due to its contact with some object or to a vibration caused by a vibration in the air, would be at once felt in the membrane in which these rods lie. As there are rods in every part of this membrane a definite impression of the movement would be produced in the sense-rods.
FUNCTION.
That the antenna) function as organs of s])ecial sense there can be no question. Just what the sense, or senses, may be, we cannot tell, but we may ai)proxiinate the true character. When we consider how little we know of the essential operations which accompany our own perceptions, we nnist realize the difficulty of the i)roblem. We can form definite ideas of what sensations are possible to insects mainly by interpretations of physiological action and of histological structure, as conqoared with similar actions and structures in our- selves and in the higher animals. Doubtless the range of perception in insects is widely different from our own ; yet, that there must be considerable similarity in the organs, fidlows from the fact that the external substances or forces nmst work through the same media in both cases.
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. JANUARY, 1896.
12 DONALDSON BODINE.
The senses which might be supposed to have their peripheral or- gans in the antennse are touch, taste, smell, and hearing. The evi- dences of their existence we may class under two heads : histological and physiological, normal, and artificial or experimental.
Touch. — A very little observation will convince one that the an- tennse arc peculiarly sensitive to . impressions of touch, and it seems very probable that the several types of sense-hairs already described are especially adapted to the receptio'is of such impressions. Blix* holds that in man all hairs are organs of touch, though at the same time they serve for protection. The sensation of pressure at least is closely associated with the hairs. In insects where the body is cov- ered with a hard sliell of chitin, we may fairly assume that the hairs are even more effective as intermediate organs between the external influence and the nerve termination. It is not at all improbable that the diflerent types of hairs are receptive of diflferent sorts of sensa- tions, as of touch, j^ressure, weight, etc. The greater abundance of hairs in the nocturnal nioths and their sparser distribution among the diurnal forms would seem to be correlated with their use as touch organs. One who has watched Ctenucha virginica, or some form of night-flying moth, will have little doubt that the antennse serve as "feelers." It may not be impossible or even improbable that the sense of touch in these organs is not limited to conditions of actual contact with the objects perceived. Many phenomena connected with the actions of moths possessing these organs very highly developed point to the conclusion that there must be a sort of feeling at a distance sucii as we know of among some higher forms which are sightless.
Taste. — Histologically, we might suppose it possible that the pits and rods or the cones might function as organs of taste. Some authors hold that during life the pits may be filled with a mucous secretion. I do not think so, but if there were a fluid in them the api)aratus would closely a[)i)ro\'imate the condition found to prevail in the taste organs of the higher animals. Experiments, however, have shown pretty conclusively that taste does not reside in the antennre. It has been found that by the use of the antennae waspsf could not distinguish powdered sugar from alum or dolomite, and only recog- nized the difference when some of the substance reached the mouth.
* Exper. Beitrage zur Losung der Frage iiber die Specif. Energie der Hautner- veu. Zeit. fur Biologie, 1885.
t Uas (xeschniacksorgan der liisektcii. F. Will. Zeit. fur wiss. Zoologie. IHM."), p. 674.
ANTENNA. OF LEPIDOPTKRA. 13
Smell. — There can l)e little doubt that the .sense of smell is very acute in the Lepidoptera. Hundreds of species of both moths and butterflies are known to possess special organs for the emission of odors. Di-. Fritz Muller* says that the males of DuJonl'^ bihli^, one of the Nymphalidie, is able to emit as many as three distinct odors, each kind being produced by a separate apparatus. The possession of contrivances for the emission of such odors would in itself argue the existence of organs for their detection. The wonderful celerity with which the Noctuidse and Arctiida? can iind "sugar" at trees or in open places lends additional weight to the belief that thei*e must be well-developed organs of smell. The only tenable theory to ac- count for the well-known habit of " assembling" among Le})idoptera is based upon their [)ossession of an extremely acute sense of smell or something very akin to it. This habit is not confined to any one grouj), though it is most fre(piently observed among the Saturniina. It has been notedf in many widely separated families, e. g., Hei)iali(he, Tortricina, Geometrina, Noctuina, Lymantriidje, Lithosiidse, Zy- gsenidpe, etc. The most remarkable exam})le that has come under my notice is recoi'ded in "The Entomologist" of December, 1<S94. On the U)th of July, 1894, a gentleman of Carnforth, England, placed three females of Bomhj/.v qncrcus; each in a cage of perforated zinc, in a leather collecting bag. On the 20th they were removed, and the bag was carried on a trij) to the Isle of Man. On the 24th, after returning to England, the bag was taken to Witherslack INIoss and a number of males not only came to it, but even crept inside. Afterwards, at various places, on the 26th, 27th, 29th and 31st, num- bers of males came to the bag, though no females had been in or near it dnce the 19th, a period of twelve days.
During the early Summer of 1894, a breeding-cage with cocoons of Callosamia proinethea was placed at one of the windows of the Entomological Laboratory at Cornell University. The window was a second story one, and was directly over a much frecjuented walk. When the warm days came the window was opened, and after fe- males had emerged great numbers of males came to the cage, flying even in the middle of the day in strong suidight. On the afternoon of the 15th of June, between three and half-pa.st five o'clock, forty-
* Notes on Brazilian Entomology by Dr. Fritz Muller, Trans. Eut. Soc. London. 1878. pp. 211-223.
t The Entomologist. London, vol. xxv, p)). >S4, 121, 163, 218; vol. xxvi, j). 21 ; vol. xxvii, p. ITii.
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. JANUARY. 1896.
14 DONALDSON BODINE.
six males flew into the laboratory and were captured. In all the cases I observed sight ap])eared to be of little use. The Avhole ap- proach was made in a more or less indefinite manner, as if they were guided by the varying strength of the scent, and, even v/hen the fe- males were close to them and in ])lain sight, the males would still fly blindly about striking the sides of the building, and at last reaching the cage only after many wide detours. Dr. Westcott describes, in the " Entomological News" for JNIay, 1895, his experience with Ce- cropias. In four days he took 342 males who came to a cage where females were confined. At one time he counted 218 about the cage at the same time, when it contained only four females.
Males of Samia ceeropia have been known to anticipate the emer- gence of the female from the cocoon. In many forms where the female has lost her wings, or possesses them in a very rudimentary condition, she does not fly at all, or does so only to seek a place for depositing her eggs. As many as 183 species have been enumer- ated where the wings of the females are either greatly reduced or entirely absent. In these cases the males must seek the females, and observations show that they succeed in doing so in a wonderfully short space of time. These are certainly i*emarkable manifestations of some sense of pei'ception, which, in many respects, must resemble our sense of smell. That the sense here concerned is not in any direct way connected with that of touch or with the sympathetic vibration of sense-hairs or organs, is proved by the example quoted above where the males were attracted to a bag from which the fe- males had been removed for some time. The fact that " assembling" takes place among moths which have filiform antennre also argues against the view that the pectinate forms by the vibration of their abundant hairs communicate at a distance.
There are many reasons why the pits and rods of the antennse should be regarded as the peripheral organs of this sense. Histo- logically, there is much evidence in favor of the view. There is a supporting tissue with a perforated end, which would allow free communication between the air and the nerve or a thin protecting membrane, through which the perception may take place. The origin of the anteniial nerve also presents some evidence that the sense of smell resides in the antennse. Viallanes* says the antennal
* Etudes histologique et orgauologiqiic sur les centres nei'veux et les Orjianes des Sens des Aniniaux articules. Ann. de Sci. Nat. Zoologie, Huitieme Serie, T. 14. Paris, 1893. Ff. 405-45G.
ANTENN.K OF LEPIDOPTERA. 15
nerve is provided with two roots ; one, ventral, composed exclusively of fibres affected by s[)ecial sensibility, arises from the olfactory lobe ; the other, dorsal, which includes at once motor fibres and fibres of general sensiliility, arises from the dorsal lobe of the deutocerebron. Viallanes also shows the correlation between the developnient of nerve centres and their peripheral organs. In Libellula, whose eyes are so larac, the optical gan<ilia accpiire unusual dimensions ; on the other hand, in the same insect whose antenmc are very small, the olfactory lobes become almost rudimentary. The reverse conditions prevail in ants.
The most plausible argument against the view that the organs of smell are in the antennae is that stated by Mr. Arkle. He writes* as follows : " In animal organisms the gift of scent is exercised through the respiratory process. Lepidoptera possess this faculty beyond doubt, and, as the air inhaled is the carrying medium, we must look to the spiracles as the organs of smell." This opinion rests upon the assumption that the condition found in the liigher vertebrates must also obtain in lower forms. I think this is a mis- take. We, who, of all vertebrates excepting the Cetaceie, have the most rudimentary olfactory lobes, can have little conception of the enormous range of perception, or of the mode of action of the sense of smell in the lower forms. That air is the carrying medium is doubtless true. Air, however, has access to the rods in the j)its of the antenna?. The real question at issue, then, is whether a current of air such as would be produced by respiration is necessary, or whether the simple diffusion of the substance in the air would not reach the organs in the antennie. That the latter condition is suffi- cient is evident when one considers the state of affairs in the lower vertebrates. Sharks have a highly developed sense of smell. Their olfactory nerves are of great size. Yet, there is probably little or no current of water over the olfactory membranes. In Amia calva, a Ganoid with large olfactory nerves, the nasal sac is not connected with the respiratory organs, the only communication with the outside Ixjing through a narrow tube opening at its free end above the sur- face of the head, and a small postnares. A number of different forms do not even have a })ostnares, e. g., Petromyzoii marixn.-i. This must mean that a current of the carrying medium is not a necessary factor. The fact that the most careful preparations by skillful his-
■'■• "The Entomologist." London, vol. xxvii, December, 1894, pp. 336-338. See also article by Watson in vol. xxviii, February, 1895, pp. 30-33.
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. JANUARY, 1896.
16 DONALDSON BO DINE.
tologists have failed to denionstrnte any organs near the spiracles of insects which could be supposed to act as organs of smell, also lends argument against the idea of a current of air caused by respiration. Indeed, if the current is of any advantage, may it not be possible that the waving of the antenna so familiar to all observers would provide for it in sufficient degree.
Many experiments have been made upon insects to determine whether the antennae are really scent organs. In most cases Cole- optera or Hymenoptera have been used because of their greater ease of manipulation. The most valuable experiments are those con- ducted by Hauser and described by him in the " Zeitschrift fur wis- senschaftliche Zoologie," Bd. 34. Auguste Forel* and Sir John Lubbockf have also performed many interesting and instructive experiments. These investigators believe that the sense of smell does reside in the antennae. Some of them also believe that there may be other parts of the body or other organs which are sensitive to impressions of smell. Some experimenters have arrived at a con- trary conclusion. Many of them, however, have in their tests made use of strong odors, often of irritating and corrosive substances, and, in consideration of the extreme delicacy of the sense being tested, it seems to me that their results are untrustworthy.
I have dwelt at such lengtli upon the question of smell because its possession is of such great moment to the Lepidoptera not only in the detection of the whereabouts of their food, but in the more important problem of the perpetuation of their species. A review of all the arguments pro and con has forced the conviction upon me that the pits and rods, and probably the cones also, are the special organs of this sense. No other organs so well adapted are found in the insect and the number occurring in an antenna seems to be cor- related with the importance of the use of scent in the life of the species. Hauser;}; says the bees and wasps have 14,000 to 15,000 cavities and about 200 cones in each antenna ; the leaf wasps, a smaller number. The flesh and dirt flies have 60 to 150, while the flies that live on plants have only 5 or 6 to each feeler.
Hearing. — It is frequently denied that Lepidoptera possess the sense of hearing, and evidently they pay little attention to the ordi-
* Experiences et remarques critiques sur les sensations des Insectes, Recueil Zdol. Suisse. T. 4, 188fi. t On the Instincts and Senses of Animals. X Popular Science Monthly, vol. xxiii, p. 284.
ANTENN.E OF LEPJDOrXERA. 17
nary sounds which ure sensible to our ears. It does not follow, how- ever, that they do not hear sounds of which we are not cognizant. Dr. H. Landois* gives an account of sound-producing organs among insects and describes sounds produced by eleven species of Lepidop- tera with which he experimented. In many cases the sounds were weak, but he says the weakness. of the tones of many was due partly to the lightness of the sound, partly also to its being of such a nature that it cannot be perceived by human ears. The senses of touch and hearing are doubtless very intimately connected. That the an- tenna! hairs of certain Diptera are auditory organs has been pretty clearly demonstrated, and it is not at all improbable that the an- teunal hairs of the Lepidoptera may be of some use for the detection of sound. The set of apparatus described under section (5 seems especially adapted to the perception of any sort of delicate pulsa- tions of sound waves. C. M. Childf has described this apparatus, which he terms " Johnston's Organ," as found in the Culicidte and Chironomidre, where it has a remarkable development. He believes that its functions as an organ for the perception of both touch and sound, and that the insect is able to distinguish between the two sensations by whether any resistance is offered to the free movement of the antenna.
EVOLUTION OF THE ANTENNA.
In the preceding chapter I have described the general form and structure of the antennas of the Lepidoptera. I have also endeavored to indicate the character of the organs found upon them and to ai-- rive at some conclusions regarding their function. In the present chapter I shall point out what I believe to l)e the primitive form of Lepidopterous antenna, and to indicate in a ])artial manner the paths by which the evolution of the more specialized forms has taken place.
The most generalized form of antenna of existing Lepidoptera so far as I have been able to examine specimens is to be found in the genus Mloroptenjx. The genus contains two distinct types, but M. semipurpurella may stand as the representative of the one which
"•■■" Die Ton- und Stimin-apparate der Insekten in anatoiuisch-physiologischefl und akustis<-lieu Bezieliung. Zeit. f. w. Zool. Bd. 17, pp. 105-186.
t Eiii bislier weuig beaclitete antennales Sinnesorgan der Insekten, niit besonder Berucksichtigiing der Culieiden und Chirouononiideu. Zeit. f. w. Zool. Bd. 38, 1894. pp. 475-528.
TRANS. AM. Kx\T. SOC. XXIII. (3) JANU.\RY, 1896.
18 DONALDSON BODINE.
retains in the fullest degree the characters of the stem form. Fig. 1 exhibits the general outline of the entire antenna, and Fig. 53 a single segment more highly magnified, showing the finer structure. It will be noticed that the scape is diflferentiated from the other seg- ments by its larger size and different shape ; that the pedicel is not very different from the proximal segments of the clavola, but the whole base is easily distinguished from the other parts by its cover- ing of very generalized scales. These are like long hairs, while those which make a dense covering over the whole clavola are com- paratively specialized, being broad with emarginate apices. The simple, cylindrical segments which compose the clavola show little variation from the common shape and present almost no projections or asymmetrical expansions of the body wall. There are numerous hairs of the first type, especially on the ventral aspect of the distal segments, and a few of the second type. The latter are limited to one, or at most two, on the ventro-distal edge of the segments, and a considerable number in various positions on the apical segment. Other characters appear in the antenna, but for our present purpose those named are the important ones, as indicating what we may fairly predicate of the stem form of the Lepidoptera. We may say, then, that the j)i'ii^iitive antenna of the Lepidoptera was made up of a scape large enough to afford room for the strong muscles to provide for the movement of the pedicel, and also to contain the large trunks of tracheae and nerves which supply the parts distad ; of a pedicel large enough to provide space for the nervous apparatus described under section 6 of the preceding chapter ; of a clavola composed of numerous segments, probably at least a score, all of them very nuich alike. What was the character of the chitinous surface we cannot say. Doubtless there were hairs of the first type. There may have already been specialized hairs of the second type.
In the evolution of any complex organ, natural selection has acted upon the different component parts and many lines of specialization may have progressed together. This is true of the antcnnte, and in considering them we must necessarily treat of different features sepa- rately. The most striking changes are those of general shape. The variations of the scape and pedicel are for the most part within nar- row limits and are in the direction of changes in their size relatively to that of the clavola, and in the varying proportions of length and thickness. The scape has undergone modification in two directions according as one or the other of its functions has been of predomi_
ANTENX.T5 OF LEPIDOPTERA. 19
nate importance in the action of the antenna. When exact and definite movement became of greater moment, the tendency \va;« towards an increase in diameter and rehitive shortening of the length. This wouhl provide for a nuich more advantageons arrange- ment of the muscuhiture, both as to the direction of tiie axis of the fibres and the securing of a better leverage for their operation. This line of specialization has reached its climax in the Hesperiina and Papilionina. On the other hand, when the direct movement became of less importance than the separation of the two clavolas and the ability to move them from two distinct and widely separated bases somewhat removed from the head, then selection caused a length- ening of the scape accompanied by little increase in diameter. This line of specialization has progressed quite far in certain of the Mi- crofrenatie, especially among the Tineina.
The pedicel shows but little variation among the moths. In tlie more specialized families it is of greater size, relatively to that of the adjacent segments of the clavola, tlian wouKl l)e necessary, did it serve simply as a socket whose function was to hold the clavohi, while the pedicel itself might be moved by the muscles situated in the scape. It is very probal)le that the degree of its develo})meiit is closely correlated with tliat of tlie contained nervous apparatus al rea( ly described .
The greatest variation occurs in the clavola. This is the part which more directly bears the sense organs, and therefore is ])ecu- liarly subject to the action of natural selection. We may safely assume that the primitive form of the segments of the clavola was cylindrical, with the whole surface equally provided with hairs, the latter uniting in their function protection and sense- perception. When there came the differentiating modifications of the hairs into difierent types, and the consequent differentiation of the surfaces of the clavola, the organs specialized for sense-perception came to be more or less localized on the ventral aspect, while those for protec- tion were concentrated on the dorsal. It at once becomes evident that, if the chief function of the antenna is sense-perception, spe- cialization would be in the direction either of enlarging that ])art which bears the sense organs and thereby providing for an increase in their number and spread, or of increasing the efficiency of the organs themselves. As a matter of fact, both processes went on together.
The extent of the ventral surface was enlarged l)y progress along
TKANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. JANUARY, 1896
20 DONALDSON BODINE.
two different lines of specialization. In one there was a projection of the snrface ventrad, resulting in a form of antenna in which the line of the joints appears to be thrown out from the line of centers of the segments, and is at the dorsal side of the shaft, Fig. 47. When carried very far this projection is emphasized on the mesal line and a distinct ventral ridge is formed. In the other line of specialization, instead of a ventral expansion, there is a sudden pro- jection of a small portion of the segment at the ventro-distal edge forming a flattened expansion whose lateral edges are produced into the more or less slender prolongations which we call pectinations.
The evolution wrought in the shape of the segments by the earlier and simpler method is a very gradual one. The most generalized forms, e. g. Mleropteryx semipurpurella, see Fig. 1, shows a slight tendency towards the increased development of the ventral surface. In the Microfrenatffi the development is carried further. Here we invariably find a considerable enlargement, but the surface is usually more or less rounded off. Pyrausta oxydalis, Fig. 47, will afford an illustration of what I mean. The stage of the formation of a dis- tinct ventral ridge is best shown in such forms as Cvamhux midahUls, Fig. -1, wliere the ritlge is thin and attains a width equal to twice the diameter of the sliaft pi'oper. This same extreme development is also found among the Sphingida?, Fig. 46.
The second kind of specialization has undergone a more complex evolution. There can be little doubt that the pectinations arose, perliaps after the first kind of specialization had progressed to a cer- tain extent, as simple extensions of the ventro-distal edges of the segments. The antennae of the females of those species of which the males have highly specialized pectinate antenna? often afford an insight into the probable successive stages through which the forms have attained their high development. The most instructive series for this study can be found among the Satnrniina. All the males of the Citheroniidre and Saturnidse have two pairs of pectinations to a segment for at least a portion of the clavolas, while in only a few genera of the SaturnidiB do the females have them. In most cases the females have non-pectinate antenna? or have only a single pair of pectinations to a segment. Whether they have simply lagged behind the males in the process of specialization, or have degenerated from a common form, it is difficult to say. Mr. Poulton* believes
•■■ The external Morpholo{?y of the Lepidopterous Pupa ; its Relation to that of the other Stages and to the Origin and History of Metamorphosis. — Part IV, by Edward B. Poulton. Trans. T>inn. Soc, liOndon, second series, vol. v, Zoology, pp. 246-
ANTENNA OF LEPIDOPTERA, 21
that all siK'h cases of sexual ineciuality liave been gradually reached by a degeneration of one sex attended l)y a corresponding develop- ment of the other, and that a tendency towards such an action arose whenever the females were less active than the males. His chief argument for this theory is that the antennal cases of the pupae are practically alike in both sexes and are larger and more complex than the adult antennte of the female would warrant, though at the same time less developed than the adult male antennae. A different ex- planation, however, may be offered. In these families ovij)osition takes place very soon after the emergence of the female from the cocoon and neither the male nor female adults seek footl to j)rolong their existence. Their m()uth-[)arts have been lost or have ceased to he functional. If this habit of early oviposition was acquired before the antennae had time to develop very far, it is plain that there would lie little tendency in either male or female to attain better antennae for aitl in the search for food. At the same time the struggle of the males to find the females quickly would cause a sudden and extreme specialization of their antennae, without a corresponding influence upon the female. Darwin has pointed out that " peculiarities ap- pearing in the males of our domestic breeds are often transmitted either exclusively, or in a much greater degree in the males alone." This would seem the more natural explanation of the condition we find among the Lepidoptera. It is so common to find the female with antennie much less developed, that it is difficult to believe that they all have degenerated from a form intermediate between the l)resent male and female antennae. It is a much simpler and reason- able explanation and one which is as fully in accord with the facts to believe that in the large majority of cases the females have simply not kej)t })ace with the males in the specialization of their autennie.
Whichever may be the true explanation, the comparative study of the series is equally instructive. Degeneration is apt to retrace the steps by which the form Avas specialized, and so affords nearly as good illustrations of intermediate stages as would the real progressive series.
Another suggestive serie-s is afforded by the gradation of the pec- tinations on the different portions of the same antenna. The medial and proximal parts show the more advanced stages, while the distal retains the earlier and simpler ones; see the gradation in Fcltia subgothica, Figs, 9, 11, 10. This, however, is not true in the case of those organs which find their most favorable situation at the distal end.
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. JANUARY, 1896.
22 DONALDSON BODINE.
From a comparative study of these corresponding forms in the two sexes and of a large series of male antennae, I conclude that the evolution of the pectinations was essentially as follows: A single pair of pectinations originated on the ventro-distal edge of the seg- ment. As development went on there was a steady selection of those, forms in which the pectinations had their origin less toward the ex- treme distal end. The result was that the bases of the pectinations graduallv migrated proximad. In addition to this movement there was also a tendency towards a migration dorsad. This last was a slower and a later method of specialization, but one which more directly resulted in an increase of the sensitive ventral surface. Among the Saturniina we find a further development. Here, with the exception of the Bombycidse proper, we find the pectinations are dorsal, and where they have largely developed and have migrated to the extreme proximal ends of the segments, a second pair have originated as outgrowths from the distal edge of one segment towards the overshadowing pectinations of the proximal edge of the adjacent segment. The earlier form of this is seen in Automerb to, Fig. 8, w^here the distal pair of one segment is so closely apposed to the larger proximal pair of the next, that it is difficult to see the line of junction except with a considerable magnification. In Tropcea luna the distal pair have begun to migrate proximad and have be- come independent of the older and more firmly established ones. In Saniia ceeropia the two })airs of each segment are more nearly equal throughout the clavola, while in Philoifamia cynthia, Fig. 3, the distal pair have migrated so far proximad as to occupy almost the middle of the segment.
We have seen how natural selection has caused an increase in the area and spread of the sensitive surface. Along with this process there was a diflPerentiation of the hair structures themselves, and doubtless a corres])onding increase in their efiiciency. It is probable that in the primitive form of antenna a diflferentiation had already taken place between hairs for protection and for sense-perception. The simplest form of the latter sort has already been described as a hair of the first type. A comparative study of types two and three will show that, while they are quite distinct from the first and from each other, no great change would be necessary to transform the first into either the second or third. Intermediate forms do not exist in the same antenna, but difierent species show difierent degrees of variation from the first type.
ANTENNiE OF LEPIDOPTERA. 23
The long, stout, rigid hair of the second type arose very early, before the separation of the Jugatre from the Frenatie, and long before the third type originated. The latter type was developed subsequent to another division which took place after the separation of the Jugatue from the Frenatai, and also after the Hesperiina and Papilionina had branched off from the Frenate stem. It departs less widely from the first type, and it is evidently specialized as a touch organ. It reaches its highest development among the Noc- tui(l:e, Lymantriidie and Arctiidic.
At first siglit the pits are very different from the simple sense-hair. Nevertheless, I believe that in essential characters they differ from them much less than do the hairs of the second type. The antenuie of a female Eparyyrem titijru.i will show that iu many of the pits hairs very like those of the first type occupy the place of the short rods found in the more highly developed pits, and different specimens will present various stages of transition from the hair in a compara- tively slight pit to a short rod in a deeper one. This shoAVs that the structure is not yet definitely fixed in character, and that it may vary greatly in a short time.
The cones are a distinct development, however, and in all prob- ability originated but once. This must have been after the separa- tion of the Jugatse and the Frenati3e, and also after the Hesperiina and Papilionina had l)ranclied off from the latter. All the Frenatie, except these two superfamilies and possibly the Pyromorphidio, pos- sess these organs. They are quite constant in location. In all of the ]Microfrenatpe, and in most of the Macrofrenatre, they are dis- tributed one to a segment as shown in Figs. 46 -50, and they form a very conspicuous feature of the antenna. In some of the Macrofre- natie, however, they number more than one to a segment, and in pectinate antennte they have often migrated from the shaft to a posi- tion ui)on tlie i)ectinations. Fig. 25 represents a portion of the ven- tral aspect of the antenna of Phryga)udea calif ornica where the cones still occcupy a position on tlie shaft. Fig. 27, representing a portion of the right antenna of a male Zeuzera pyriui, shows this migration with the cones situated part way toward the distal ends of the pectinations. Fig. 30 shows a portion of a pectination of the antenna of a male Xotolophus lencodujma with the cone at the ex- treme distal end. Among the Saturnidic, the number of cones to a segment is greatly increased. Fig. 7 represents a distal portion of the antenna of a female Trojxva /una with clusters of cones in the
TKANS. AM. KNT. SOC. XXIII. JANUARY. 1896
24 DONALDSON BODINE.
same position usually occupied by the single one. It is perhaps worth noting here that, while the females are usually behind the males in the development of pectinations, they are not at all deficient in the number or the perfection of the cones.
There is yet another feature which is of importance in determining the relationship of an antenna. This is the character of the surface of the chitinous exoskeleton of the clavola. In the Jugatps the sur- face as a whole is even, but has numerous slender prolongations which have received the name of fixed hairs, Figs. 51 and 53. These are not articulated with the chitin as are the true hairs. They are simply points which are continuous with and parts of the general surface and do not originate at the ends of pore canals. In the Fi'enatj« these are not found, but the surface of the whole clavola is divided up into more or less hexagonal areas bounded by thin con- tinuous plates set normal to the surface, or into a series of more or less imbricated plates with various surfaces and outlines. These two distinct kinds of surface covering are of great importance, as they represent specializations differing in kind, and therefore indicate a dichotomous division in the line of descent. There are other char- acters which would indicate the same thing, but no other autennal character shows that the Hesperiina and Papilionina branched off* from the other Frenatae after their separation from the Jugataj. The degrees of specialization attained in this character of surface are also worthy of attention as they sometimes afford clues to the real posi- tions of families.
The surface marking of the chitin of the clavola in the Frenatse presents a great variety of forms, but with the possible exception of a few apparently aberrant cases it is possible to trace a pretty definite line of development })assing through them all. This is important, because it means that the system originated but once. The sim})lest and i)rol)ably the most primitive condition exists in the anteinia; of the Pyralidina. Here we find the general surface smooth, but di- vided up into more or less hexagonal ai'eas, fenced off' as it were by continuous plates of chitin standing nornuxl to the surface. The areas thus demarcated are said by some authorities to correspond with the outlines of the underlying dermal cells, and it may be that the plates represent the edges of separate areas of chitin developed from the cells as centres. In the adult condition of most forms, however, I do not believe that the arrangement has any relation to the underlying structures. Fig. 34 represents a portion of the an-
ANTENNvE OF LEPIDOPTERA. 25
tennal surface of a male Pyramta oxydalis, and shows the great regularity of the areas so characteristic of this group of moths. Among the TortricicUe we find that in most cases the areas become elongated. Fig. 35, a portion of the antcMina of a male Dlcliella sulfureana, shows this condition. This elongation of the areas is carried much farther among the Tineids. Tinea dorsutrigella, Y'xg. 36, shows this extreme lengthening of cells and straightening out of the cross-lines ; yet here we still find the plates continuous. The function of these plates is doubtless to strengthen the thin layer of chitin and give it greater rigidity. In those forms which have long slender pectinations we find the longitudinal plates nnich thicker and heavier, while the transverse ones are less developed and have a tendency to straighten out or to disa})])ear. This is evidently better adapted than the hexagonal arrangement to stiffen these slender forms. Fig. 30 represents the dorsal aspect of a pectination of a male Notolophus leueosfigma, and shows at the sides some of the plates in j)rofile, while the accentuation of the longitudinal plates is clearly seen in the middle of the figure. Note also that the longi- tudinal plates extend slightly beyond the end of the pectination. One cannot help being struck with the resemblance between the striae or ribs of the scales and these thicker ridges on the chitin surface. On the ventral aspect of the same pectination we find a modification somewhat different, but yet along the same line. The abundance of the sense-hairs and the other organs makes a lighter and more deli- cate surface desirable, and here the transverse plates are either want- ing entirely or transformed into longitudinal ones. In fact, we may state it as a general rule that the development of chitin on the ven- tral and sensitive surface is not carried so far as elsewhere. Fig. 31 represents this condition. In all these forms the general surface is approximately level and the plates represent the only elevations from the surface. Now we come to another development. F'ig. 32 re[)- resents a portion of the dorsal surface of the antenna of a nuile Automerls to; ab is the niesal line of the shaft, and the part to the left is the extension of the surface upon the pectination. It will be seen that the portion near the meson resembles the condition found in Notolophm lencodlgma, with this difference however : in AutonierU io the general surface, instead of being level, rises on one side of each plate so as to make each area constitute a single slope with its crest at the plate on the distal edge. The surface of the sloping area is divided up into ridges with what was originally a transverse plate
TRANS. AM. KNT. SOC. XXIII. (4) FEBRUARY, 1896.
26 DONALDSON BODINE.
at the crest of each ridge. These ridges Avhen greatly developed extend beyond the apex of the slope and give the whole an appear- ance of being covered with fine points. This modification may be carried to an extreme. Cerura cinerea, represented in Fig. 37, will show an unusual degree of development in this direction. As a rule, however, the plates are smaller and more uniform, and form a regular imbricated surface, such as is found in Hemileuca maia or Papi/io po/i/.reiies, Figs. 38 and 39.
In a smaller number of cases the surface rises to the plates on each side, making a double slope, with the plate at the crest. This may be illustrated in the antenna of Daremvia lOidv/om, Fig. 33.
As might be expected, the extent to which these surface modifica- tions of tlie structure of the chitin is carried depends largely upon the development of scales. Where the antenna is heavily clothed, we find usually less departure from the primitive form of surface, especially if the scales are closely and compactly arranged. In most cases the surface of the scape and pedicel is practically smooth. This is doubtless in consequence of the covering of thick tufts of long slender scales, and also because the abundant scales of the vertex of the head aff'ord it sufficient protection.
DISCUSSION OF FAMILIES.
This chapter will contain a discussion of the antennae of Lepi- pidoptera by families, or groups of families, as the case may be, and will give my interpretations of the evidences they pi-esent, which may be of taxonomic value. In this discussion the provisional clas- sification of Pi'ofessor Comstock will be followed, because it is the one with which I am most familiar and because I believe it repre- sents the true relationships better than any other.* The character- izations of gr()U{)s (]Uoted in the following })ages are taken from the " ^Manual." It would be presumptuous for me to proi)ose any changes in the classification, but where the evidence of the antennal struc- tures is contrary to that of the wings, note will be made of such con- tradictions as indicating the need of further study of the group. To be complete, a classification must take into account all the structures found in the body, and it was for the pur})ose of adding the evidence of one more organ that the present work was undertaken. In most of those species where the antennae of the males and females differ
* Mamial for tlie Study of Insects. John Henry Comstock and Anna Botsford Comstock, Comstock Tub. Co., Itliaca, N. Y., 1895.
ANTENNA OF LEriDOPTKRA. 27
markedly in the degree of specialization both sexes have been studied, but in the tables and descriptions which follow reference is always made to the conditions found in the males, unless special mention is made that the case is otherwise.
JUGAT^E.
The suborder Jugataj was established by Professor Comstock, and was based principally upon important characters in some of the wing structures which represent specializations differing in kind from those of analogous structures in insects of the other suborder.* This division of the order into the Jugatse and Frenatre represents the earliest dichotomous division of the stem form of the Lepidoptera, The antennal character which distinguishes between the two lines of descent is the presence in the first of fixed-hairs upon the surface of the clavola ; and in the second, of plates or their modifications. Professor Kellogg has already pointed out that the Jugatie possess fixed hairs upon the wing-membranes ; and he regards them as an example of a " persistence of a primitive wing-covering, probably represented in the wing-covering of the living Trichoptera." It may be added that he believes their absence among the Frenatie is due to a disai)pearance. I believe that the system of fixed hairs is a distinct kind of specialization, closely resembling that found in the Trichoptera and also in the Diptcra and Hymenoptera ; while the system of plates with its later developments is just as distinct and differs from the first. If this is so, it indicates that the Jugatse are more closely related to the Trichoptera than to the Frenatse ; that the stem form passed down in two lines of descent, and that the Frenataj represent one, while the Jugatse and the Trichoptera rep- resent subsequent divisions of the other. This conclusion would really mean that the Jugatte are Trichoptera rather than Lepidop- tera. It may at first sight seem that the character of the surface coverhig is a trivial one and not worthy of so much attention. Dar- win, however, laid it down as a geneaal rule that " the le»s any part of an organization is concerned with special hal)its, the more impor- tant it becomes for classification." We may recall in this connec- tion that certain features apparently of little physiological import- ance often afford the most reliable characters. This is especially true of surface covering, e. g. hair of Mammals, feathers of Birds, scales of Reptiles, etc.
* The Descent of the Lepidopteiii. J. H. Comstock, Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. So. vol. xli, 1892, pp. 199-200.
TRANS. AM. KNT. SOC. XXIII. FKBRUARY, 1896.
28 DONALDSON BODINE.
There are other reasons for considering the Jugatfe closely allied to the Trichoptera. The possession of a jugum, the branched con- dition of radius of the hind wings, and some other characters of the venation, the condition of the mouth-parts in Micropteryx, all point to the same conclusion. In view of all these indications, it may at least be regarded as an open question whether the Jugatse are true Lepidoptera.
Another antennal character for the suborders is the absence of cones in the Jugatae and their presence in the Frenatte. The cones form a conspicuous featui'e of the antennae of nearly all Frenatae. The only exceptions known to me are the family Pyromorphidie and the superfamilies Hesperiina and Papilionina. The antennae of the Pyromorphidie, however, are all pectinate, and those of the Hespe- riina and Papilionina are so peculiarly specialized as to be easily recognizable. The presence or absence of cones, therefore, is a prac- tical recognition character.
The suborder Jugatse includes two families, the Hepialidae and the Micropterygidae, and each is represented in North America by a single genus.
The Hepialid/E. — The members of this family have very gener- alized antennae. Their size as compared with that of the body of the insect is extremely small. At the same time they })resent some evidences that a degeneration has lately taken place, or is even now in progress. Fig. 2 represents the antenna of a female Hep la I as argentata. The lack of regularity in the segments of the clavola and the incompleteness of the joints would seem to indicate that the character of the segmentation has not yet had time to become fixed, or that it is now in the process of evolution. The fixed hairs are very numerous, and are somewhat stouter relatively than those in Micropteryx. Correlated with this abundance of hairs there are few scales. These are inserted along the dorsal aspect of the proximal part of the clavola. The scape and pedicel are large, and are )iretty thickly clothed with long scales over nearly their whole surface. The clavolas vary considerably in the number of segments. Thirty- one is the largest number in any of the si)ecimens in the University collection. The ventral expansion of the shaft is inappreciable, and there are no pectinations in any of the forms I have seen. Sense- hairs of the first type are numerous, and there are several of the second type to a segment. Pits are })resent, but vary greatly in their (listril)ution. H. ((n/eiitdtd has few ; II. incylashani has many, thougli they ai'e not very higldy organized.
ANTENNA OF LEPIDOPTERA. 29
The MrCROPTERYGiD.T5. — The members of this family have the most generalized antenuaj of any of the living Lepidoptera. As has been already noted, I find two types of antenna in the same genus. Micropteryx semipurpurella has already been described somewhat at length in the chapter on the evolution of the antennae, and may stand as a representative of the simpler type. It is so generalized in structure that I can find in it no character which would distinguish it from some of the Trichoptex'a. Compare it with Mystacides nigra, and the striking re?*emblance in structural cliarac- ters will be evident. Nor is the resemblance superficial only. The clothing of scales is practically alike in form and arrangement, the same organs exist in both. The only appreciable difference is in the number and relative length of the segments, neither of which char- acters can be regarded as of any great taxonojuic value among the Lepidoptera. The second type exhibits a remarkable peculiarity in the arrangement of the scales. ]Most of them are gathered into two radiating tufts and have their origin in two circular or oval depres- sions, one on each side of the distal half of the segment. This is a unique specialization, and I have no idea of its purpose. Fig. 51 represents a segment of the antenna of a male Micropteryx seppela (?) and shows this arrangement of scales. M. purpurella has the same arrangement on a much smaller scale, and other species vary between these extremes. Another indication of the higher specialization of this type is the presence of very broad, short scales on the scape and pedicel in addition to the ordinary covering of long narrow ones. There are also numerous long curved sense-hairs of the second type which form a sort of pointed sheath around the segment and give it the appearance of that of Anabolia bimaculata, one of the Tri- choptera.
A comparison of the antenna^ of the He})iali(Ue and Micropter- ygidae will show that those of the former family are more highly specialized. Aside from tlie specialization in the scales just noted, the antennte of the Micropterygidte are very primitive. Pits and rods do occur, but in no case have I been able to find more than a single one to a segment, while in the Hepialidoe there are often many. The nearly naked surface of the clavola in Hepialm must also be regarded as an indication of a higher type.
FRENATiE.
The suborder Frenatte is divided by Professor Comstock into two principal sections: the Generalized Frenatie, including those fami-
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. I'EBRUAEY, 1896.
30 DONALDSON BODINE.
lies which " are supposed to retain more nearly than any other Frenatae the form of the primitive Frenatse, those that were the first to appear on earth," and the Specialized Frenatse, including those " that depart more widely from the primitive type of Lei)idoptera, being more highly modified for special conditions of existence." The first group is a small one and comprises only five families, none of which are large.
The Generalized Frenat^.
I believe the evidences of the antennae of this group agree with those of the wings as given by Professor Comstock. The five fami- lies represent lower branches from the primitive stem, and so have a bond of connection in that none of them have departed very widely from the primitive type. While the evidence is not conclusive enough to show that any two of the families are genetically related, except through the common stem, there are some indications in the structure of the antennae that the Megalopygidse and Eucleidse are more closely connected than any other two families ; while the Py- romorphidie seem to represent a perfectly distinct line of descent. It is evident that if each of these families represents a distinct line of development, the grou]) as a whole will be a homogeneous one only in the sense of containing those forms which are very gener- alized, and that is the character of the group as given by Px'ofessor Comstock. That there is a wide difierence between the degree of specialization attained by the members of these families and those of any others is quite certain. I do not think any one familiar with various forms of antennae would fail to pick out those belonging to this group. The extent to which the scape and pedicel are clothed with scales ; the method of insertion of the scales more or less ob- liquely to the surface, and the irregularity in their arrangement; the scarcity of pits in most forms and the simplicity of their struc- ture ; the very slight extent of the ventral expansion of the seg- ments ; all are characters which, though perhaps not so constant in all cases as to permit of exact definition of hmits, will yet enable one to distinguish these families without much difficulty.
The Megalopygid.e. — The members of this family have very generalized antennae. The segments are short and numerous. Me- <l<(loj)ij(i<i crixpata has sixty-one composing the clavola. Tlie ])ecti- nations arise from the extreme ventral aspect of the shaft and the bases of each pair are closely apposed. They are long and well pro-
ANTENNA OF LEPIDOPTERA. 31
vided oil the ventral surface with sense-liairs of tlic tliird type. An indication of tlie generalized condition of the antenna i.s the cover- ing of scales over the whole dorsal surface of both the shaft and the pectinations. The base is covered with long, narrow scales, forming a prominent tuft on the dorsal aspect. On the shaft the scales are little more than flattened hairs. Indeed, for some distance from" the insertion-cups they are cylindrical in form, and they are very narrow throughout their length. They are relatively long and stand out obli<iuely from the surface. These scales are broader and more spe- cialized than some on the wings and other parts of the body, but they show the form characteristic of the family, narrow and lightly pigmented. There is a very small number of both ])its and cones, and they are located on the pectinations. The pits are very rudi- mentary in structure, and, excepting in the possession of a short rod, depart but slightly from the first ty|)e of sense-hair. Where the cones appear at all, they have migrated to the extreme distal ends of the pectinations and pi'oject from the ends in the midst of the more or less crowded growth of scales.
The P.sYCiiiD.K. — The females of all the Psychidie remain in their larval sacs even in the adult state, and they have become wingless. The males, however, fly, and are compelled to seek the females in their cases before pairing can take place. As might be expected from such conditions, we find the antennse quite highly developed in cer- tain directions ; yet as a whole they are of a very generalized type. As in the Megaloi)ygidiTe, nearly the whole surface of the scape and pedicel is covered with long, narrow, hair-like scales, and all of the clavola excepting the ventral aspect is clothed with scales of but little higher type. The greatest development is reached in the pecti- nations. Relatively, they are the longest found among the Loi)idop- tera. In P.^yeht' confederata some of those near the middle of the clavola attain a length equal to one-half that of the whole antenna. The bases of the pectinations have migrated proximad and occupy a central position on the segments. Hairs of the third type are numerous on the ventral surface of both shaft and pectinations. They are well developed, but have no regular arrangement in their insertion. Pits are rare, and are limited in the forms I have studied to the two or three distal pairs of pectinations. Cones also are rare, and when present are situated at the ends of the pectinations. The antenna) of Thcridopteryx ephemenvjormis present a peculiarity in the joint between the scape and the i)edicel. The latter segment is
TEANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. FEBEUAKY. 1896.
32 DOXALDSON BODINE.
jointed, not at the apex of the scape in the ordinary way, but is set obliquely on the caudal edge of the apex.
The CossiD.E. — The members of this family have well-developed antenna?. The shaft is stout and strongly chitinized. The pectina- tions are well developed in the males, and in some of the females. The base is clothed with short, broad scales, with rounded or eniar- ginate apices, and with numerous very narrow scales of greater length scattered among the broader ones. On the clavola there are very few scales, and these are confined to the dorsal aspect of the shaft, and even there are quite closely applied to the surface. This is doubtless correlated with the habit of swift flight of these insects, and resembles in this respect the condition so characteristic of such swift fliers as the Sphingidse. In the Cossidae, however, the insertion of the scales is not so regular. The pectinations are well supplied over their whole surface with sense-hairs of the third type. They are more abundant, however, on the ventral aspect. The pectina- tions arise from the ventral aspect of the shaft, but a curious devel- opment in Zeuzera pyrini gives them the appearance of having migrated dorsad as in some of the highly specialized forms. A transverse, elevated, rounded ridge connects the bases of the pecti- nations of each segment and causes them to appear as a single con- tinuous growth, joined to the shaft at right-angles. Prioiioxystas robiniae presents an unusual arrangement of depressions containing sense-hairs. They lie just dorsad of the bases of the pectinations and extend out for a certain distance upon them. There is a con- siderable variability in this family in the supply of cones. Zeuzera pyrini has as many as two on some of the segments, while Prio- noxystus robini(e has only an occasional one. In none of the species are the cones highly develo})ed.
The EucLEiDyE. — The antenme of members of this family present in some respects an unusual condition. Regarded as a whole, they are as generalized as any of the Frenatai, but they possess cones which show a considerable degree of development. The base is almost entirely clothed with long, narrow scales mingled with many shoi'ter and broader ones. In Euclea querceti every part of the surface is covered. The clavola, also, is closely covered, except on the ventral aspect, with broader scales, which, by their loose and irregular man- ner of insertion, indicate a very low degree of specialization. In Lymacodes Y-inversa even the ventral surface of the shaft bears numerous scales. In the pectinate forms the pectinations are heavily
ANTENNiE OF LEPIDOPTERA. 33
clothed, even to tlioir distal ends, where the scales from three sides unite to form a thick tuft extending- beyond the end. The pectina- tions are ventral, and at or near the distal edge of the segments. Euclea querceti is peculiar in having the ])ectinations of the ce])halic side of the antennte flattened and nearly us broad as the length of the segments, of which tlu'y form a part. We find in the Eucleidae au unexpected development of cones. They are long and slender, and are often several pointed at the apex as in the jNIegalopygidie, Fig. 43. Some species have several to a segment. In the jjectinate forms the cones have migrated to the apices of the pectinations, where they are protected by the thick tufts of scales before men- tioned. Pits are very rare, seldom more than one or two to a seg- ment, and then only on a few segments. I have been unable to find any in Euclea querceti.
The antennie of the Euclcida* differ markedly from those of the Cossidse and Psychidie. Though not supplied with numerous sense- hairs of the second type, they resemble the antennae of the Megalo- pvgida? quite closely. A similarity of the surface covering; of the character of the cones ; and, whei-e they occur, of the pits also, indicate a relationship between the two.
The Pyromorpitid.e. — The Pyromorphida3 have a characteristic form of antenna which can be easily recognized. The segments of the clavola are not enlarged towards their distal ends, and in some forms are even gradually contracted near the joints. The pectina- tions are comparatively short, are cylindrical and almost clavate in form, and are contracted at their bases where they meet the shaft, so much so that they appear to be articulated with it. The base is thickly clothed with broad, deeply emarginate scales, and the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the shaft and pectinations of the clavola also are covered with a thick coat of scales arranged irregularly. On the pectinations the surface of the chitin is divided into a series of irregular imbricated plates with their surfaces broken up into points which give the appearance of longitudinal striatious. Both the chitin and the scales are quite heavily pigmented with dark brown or black, and this in addition to the irregularity of the surface nudges it difhcult to see as clearly as desirable. I have been unable to find any cones in these forms, but am not at all certain that they do not occur. Pits are present, and are broad and shallow, with convex bottoms and short, pointed rods rising from their rounded apices. Hairs of the first type are ])articularly abundant, and there are a few of the second.
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. (5) FEBRUARY, 1896
34 donaldson bodine.
The Specialized Frenat^.
The Specialized Frenat?e are divided into two groups : the Micro- frenatfe and tlie iNIacrofrenatre. The Microfrenata include those moths in which " the anal area of the hind wings is not reduced, having usually three anal veins, except in certain minute forms where a broad fringe has been substituted for the membrane of this area." The group comprises the superfamilies Pyralidina, Tortricina, Tineina and the family Sesiidie. The antenme of the members of this group, w'ith the exception of the Sesiidie, are quite constant in structure, and can generally be separated from any other Lepidoptera wdth great ease. The only forms which might cause any difficulty are among the Geometrina in the family Sterrhidse. The separation of certain species of the genus Acidalia from the Microfrenatse will re- quire some experience on the part of the analyst, nevertheless the antennse of the Microfrenatse, with the exception noted above, indi- cate that the group is a definite one.
We are unable to find constant structural characters in the an- tenna3 which are peculiar to the several families constituting the group. There are characters, however, which throw much light upon their relationships. Tiie antenna of a Pyrausta oxydalk may be taken as typical of the Pyralidina. The clavola is long, slender and filifonn, composed of many segments all of which are quite similar. Where there is any dissimilarity, the segments of the proximal por- tion are not so specialized for the increase of the sensitive surface, but are better adapted for the support of the distal portion. Fig. 47 represents a typical segment. The arrangement of scales, the position of the cones, the pits with their conspicuous circle of guard- ing i)oints, the ventral expansion of the segments, all are features prac'tically constant in the whole superfamily ; in fact, with little modification of some ])arts, they are constant in all three super- families. The constant and ])eculiar character of the three super- families, however, is the division of the chitin surface into areas by thin })lates normal to the surfiice. The peculiarity of the condition in the Microfrenata^ is that, however the shape of the included areas may be varied, the bounding plates are continuous, and the general surface remains even, see Figs. 34, 35 and 36. As already stated, I believe the difierent shaped areas are all modifications of the hex- agonal form and represent difiereiices in degree only, not in kind ; yet as a rule, the limits of each sui)erfamily are sufficiently separated
ANTENNAE OF LEPIDOPTERA. 35
in degree to make the use of this character practicable in taxononiic work. The hexagonal form is characteristic of the Pyralidina, see Fig. 34. Among the Tortricina the lengthening process has begun, and the foi-m shown in Fig. 35 is characteristic. Even where little elongation has taken place, the areas are much more irregular, and many of them have sharp angles in their outlines, which are not found among the Pyralidina. In the Tineina the i)rocess has been carried much farther and the form shown in Fig. 3() is characteristic. So far as I have examined, none of the Pyralidina has areas of the second or third form ; none of the Tortricina has areas of the third form. The only liability of error in the use of this as a recognition character is due to the fact that in a few forms a heavy coating of scales has I'etarded the progress of the development, and we may find a Tortricid with a surface like a Pyralid, or possibly a Tiueid with a surface like a Tortricid or a Pyralid. These cases, however, are rare, and where they do occur, there is usually some other char- acter, such as the long, clavate scape so common among the Tineids, which will make it possible to separate the forms. There are many variations in the antennse of the Microfrenatpe. The peculiar modifi- cation of segments and scales near the middle of the clavola of the male Desmia fiineralis, Fig. 29, the crest of scales along the base of the clavola of the male Laodamia fusca, and of certain of the Tineids, the strange, tufted, membranous expansion of the scape among the Epipaschiinse, Fig. 28, are examples of some of these variations, but the main structural characters remain the same even in these forms.
Thei'e are a few points of structure in connection with some of the families of this group which are worthy of mention. Among the Cranibidse, the ventral expansion is greater than in the other iami- lies. It reaches an extreme in Cramhus mutabilis. Fig. 21, and re- sembles the form so common among the Sphingidre. The antenna; of the Pterophoridie and the Orneodidie show a wide difi'erence in their structure. Those of the former family are distinctly of the Pyralid type, while the latter are just as distinctly of the Tineid type. I believe a further study of the characters of other organs will prove the Orneodidte to be more closely related to the Tineids than to either the Pyralids or the Tortricids. The surface marking is Tineid in form, and the scape has the long and slightly clavate shape so common among the Tineids.
The antennre of the Sesiidte, which we have excepted from the statements made of the Microfrenata;, are distinctly diflferent in
TRANS. AM. KNT. SOC. XXIII. FEBRUARY, 1896
36 DONALDSON BODINE.
structural features and in general appearance from all others of the group. Mr. Butler* expressed the view that the Sesiidse in their antennal characters are closely allied to the Pyralids and Tineids, and not at all to the Sphinxes, especially to the genus Hemaris. He believes that they should be placed between the Pyralids and the Tineids. Every feature he mentions, however, as characteristic of the Sesiidse, and not found in the genus Hemaris can be paralleled in the Sphingidse, even in the genus Hemaris. Hemaris hovihyli- formis was used by him for the comparison. I have not seen that species, but Hemaris thysbe presents the very characters he describes and figures in Sphecia, except that in both cases the "pencil of rigid hairs" is really composed of rigid scales. Lord Walsingham has already pointed out that Mr. Butler was mistaken in his description of the similarity of structures in the Tineids and Sesiids ; and we cannot adopt the view that the antennae indicate that the proper position of the Sesiids is between the Pyralids and the Tineids. The close resemblance in structure and form in the antennse of the Sesiids and the Sphinxes certainly points to a genetic relationship. The large, compressed ventral expansion, the fusiform or clavate shape, the peculiar distribution of sense-hairs of the third type, tlie relative size, development, and position of the cones, the tuft of long, slender, rigid scales, projecting from tlie distal segment, the character of the chitin surface, are all features connnon to both the Sesiids and Sphinxes, and no other forms known to me possess the wliole com- bination of characters. The condition of the Sesiids' antennie is less highly specialized than we find it among the Sphinges; the speciali- zation does not differ materially in extent from that of the other Microfrenata), but it has ))roceeded further in certain directions ; so, while the family is proj)erly classed with the Microfrenatie, I believe it at the same time represents an ofiTshoot of the branch which later on gave, rise to the Sphingidse. Figs. 49 and 46 represent segments of the clavolas of Sannina exitiosa and Daremma undulosa. Note that the arrangement of the sense-hairs of the third type on the wide, compressed, ventral expansion in Sannina is further developed in Daremma till there is a large semicircle, within which there are sense- organs.
The e is of course a possibility that the great similarity of appear- ance, and-' even of structure of an organ may arise from similarity in environment and in the conditions of life, but in the case of the
» Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1878. p. 121.
ANTEXNiE OF LEPIDOPTERA. 37
Sesiids and Sphinxes the resemblances are more than superficial ; they are as marked in the microscopic as in the macroscopic charac- ters, and it is difficult to believe that such forms could arise unless there was some genetic relationship.
The Specialized MACROFRENATiE.
The Specialized ]Macrofrenata3 includes " certain moths and all skippers and butterflies. In these insects the anal area of tlie hind wing is reduced, containing only one or two anal veins." This divi- sion is again divided into two subdivisions : the Frenuluin-conservers and the Frenulum-losers. The first subdivision contains those moths in which the frenulum has been retained, while the second contains forms " in which the frenulum has been supplanted by a greatly extended humeral area of the hind wings." In a few members of the first group we find no frenulum, l)ut it has evidently been lost late in the life of the species, as closely allied specialized forms still retain it. "Among the Frenulum-losers," on the other hand, "the loss of the frenulum occurs while the race is still in a very general- ized condition, no trace of a frenulum being found among these in- sects, except a rudiment in the inost generalized forms {Bombyx, Cidnmis).'' Thus the two subdivisions really represent two distinct lines of descent v/hich separated far back in the history of the races, and are not simply arbitrary groups based on the presence or absence of a single character, as has been understood by some authors.
The Frexulum-coxservers. — Among the frenulum-conservers we find moths with highly specialized antennae From the very fact of their great develo})mcnt we might fairly expect to find consider- able variation even in small groups ; and such is the case. A feature whicli is characteristic of the whole group is the specialized condition of the chitinous surface of the clavola. The perpendicular planes on the surface are not everywhere continuous, and usually the gen- eral surface slopes up to the top of the plane on one side and pre- sents an appearance such as is represented in Figs. 87 or 33. In the filiform antenme of each family there is not so much difficulty in finding characteristic structures, but when the highly pectinate forms are studied the problem becomes more difficult. The greatest varia- tion occurs among the Geometrina. There we find somr forms scarcely more specialized than many of the jNIicrofrenuta? ; and others, as highly specialized as any of the Frenulum-conservers. The following table will serve to separate the antennae of this group
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. FEBRUARY. 1896.
38 DONALDSON BODINE.
as far as I have been able to study them, and, unless it be among some of the Geometrina, I believe it will be found to hold for all the forms of our fauna. In order to serve for both filiform and pecti- nate antenuic, the table has to be practically double. Many charac- ters which would be practicable for separation of filiform antennae, either become obliterated or are seen with such difficulty when the forms become pectinate, that other separation characters must be found. In many cases also, two forms may be very unlike in ap- pearance and even in structure, but at the same time be very difficult to distinguish by means of a descri])tion. The following table is constructed for the classification of the antennre of males, but in most cases it will serve for the females also. The characters used are selected because they are what seemed the best recognition char- acters and not because they best represent the most essential differ- ences in structural features.
THE FRENULUM-CONSERVERS.
A. Hairs of second type absent, or hut little developed. B. Antenna filiform. C. Hairs of third type absent; or, if present, with no definite arrangement D. Cones large and on many segments.
E. Scape large, twice the diameter of pedicel. . .CYMATOPHORID^.
EE. Scape small, but little larger than pedicel GEOMETRINA.
DD. Cones small, and on few segments THYRIDID^.
CC. Hairs of third type inserted regularly.
D. In a single row along the distal and proximal edges of ventral expan- sion GEOMETRINA.
DD. In a semicircle opening veutrad (see Figs. 46 and 50).
E. Ventral expansions shortening ventrad, not equal to the segment in
length NOTODONTID^.
EE. Ventral expansion not shortening ventrad, equal to the segment in length, so as to ciiuse the end of the clavola to be recurved.
SPHINGID^ BB. Antenna pectinate. C. Ventral ex])ansion of the segment very large, extending ventrad of the
bases of the pectinations SPHINGID.^.
CC. Ventral expansion not extending far ventrad of the bases of the pecti- nation.s. D. Single hair of second type near middle of dorsal aspect of pectinations
of the cephalic side DREPANID.S3.
DD. Without hair of second type as in D.
E. Cones on ventral asjiect of shaft, not on pectinations.
F. Pectinations on distill half of segment GEOMETRINA.
FF. Pectinations on proximal half of segments DIOPTID.^.
EE. Cones at apex of pectinations, or beginning a migration out upon them.
F. Clavola pectinate to distal end NOTODONTID^.
FF. Clavola filiform at disUil end GEOMETRINA.
ANTENNAE OF LEPIDOPTERA. 39
AA. Hairs of second type present and well devoloi)ed. B. Antenna filiform. C. Hairs of third type absent.
D. Some hairs of second type on ventro-distal edge of sepments.
GEOMBTRINA.
DD. Hairs of second tyjie not present as in D AGABISTIDJ3.
CC. Hairs of third tyjjc present.
D. Hairs of third type without definite arrangement.
E. Hairs nearly straight, segments of usual shape ARCTHD.^.
EE. Hairs strongly curved, segments swollen, almost sul)glol)ose.
LITHOSHD^. DD. Hairs of third type inserted iu rows, usually on the compressed ven- tral expansion in a semicircle opening ventrad. E. Ventral expansion narrow and slightly compressed. GEOMETRINA. EE. Ventral expansion large and usually compressed. . . .NOCTUID.^. BB. Antenna pectinate. 0. Pectinations relatively short.
D. Scai)e large, twice the diameter of pedicel NOCTUID^Sj.
DD. Scai)e small, little larger in diameter than pedicel- • • .ZYG.ffiNID^. CC. Pectinations long and well develoi)ed.
D. Cones small, or apparently wanting PERICOPID.^.
DD. Cones easily seen.
E. Cones on shaft, or, if on pectinations, the latter have a single, strong hair of second type directly at the ajicx. F. Pectinations of cephalic and caudal sides subequal.
GEOMETRINA.
FF. Pectinations of caudal side longer ARCTIID.^.
EE. Cones on pectinations, the latter with two strong hairs of second type at the ai>ex.
F. Cones very short ZYGiENlD^.
FF. Cones large LYM ANTRIID^.
The extent of my study and the limits of this thesis will not per- mit me to discuss each family of the Frenulum-conservers, but cer- tain features are especially worthy of note. The evidences presented by antennal structures which might point to some relationships dif- ferent from those shown in the classification of Professor Comstock are as follows : The antennte of the Cymatophoridje and the Thy- rididie seem to be closely related, and neither of them are widely separated from the higher forms of the Pyralidina. The antennae, therefore, would seem to indicate a lower position for these families than that now assigned them. The antennie of the Dioptidte are very close to those of the Notodontidie. The pectinations are more higlily developed in the former, but the cones have not even begun to migrate along the pectinations. Instead of that, they are situated upoTi slight ventral elevations of the segnients between and a little cephalad of the bases of the pectinations. In the Notodontidse, the
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. FEBKUAEV, 189ti.
40 DONALDSON BODINE.
cones have begun to migrate as in Nerice bidentata, where they have only reached a point near the bases of the pectinations, or they have ah'eady reached the apex as in Cerurci cinerea, or Icthyura inclusa. The antennae of the Noctuidse, Lymantriidse, Agaristidse and Peri- copidse, are very similar in structure. There is a closer relation be- tween the Noctuidte and the Againstidse and between the Lyman- triidse and the Pericopidae than exists in any other arrangement of the families. The Pericopid?e also present many points of resem- blance to the Zygaenidse, especially to the more generalized forms. The Zygienidte, however, seem to be most closely related to the Py- romorphidse among the Generalized Freuat?e. Without any doubt, they belong where they are placed, high up among the Frenulum- conservers ; therefore, I believe they are the ends of the branch, which, at an earlier time, gave rise to the Pyromorphid?e. Certain of the Deltoid Noctuids exhibit a strong resemblance to the Pyralids. They are of a higher type of structure however. One group, in- cluding Herminia, Pityolita, Zauclognatha, Renla, etc., have a pecu- liar modification near the middle of the clavola, which at once sug- gests the condition of things in Desmia funeralis. In Herminia morhidalis there are simply a couple of spurs on the ventral part of a segment. The greatest development is reached in Renia re- strictalis. Fig. 28 represents this highly specialized organ in this species. The antennje of the Sphingidie resemble, in some features, those of the Notodontidre and the Noctuidse, but they are prob- ably most closely related genetically to the Sesiidse, and are repre- sentatives of a later development from the same branch. The Sphinx antenna shows as high a degree of specialization in certain directions as any of the moths. The Saturniina have more com- plicated pectinations, but that kind of a development is particu- larly adapted to their conditions of life. Among the swiftly flying Sphinxes such antennte would be unwieldy and very liable to injury. Here we find a specialization imich better fitted for habits of swift flight. Instead of long and numerous pectinations, we find greatly developed ventral expansions. The antenna of Daremma undulosa is a good example of the type ; Fig. 46 repre- sents one of the segments of the clavola. The scape is short and very stout ; the pedicel also is short and stout, and is especially well supplied with the peculiar sense apparatus common to all forms ; the clavola is large, and its shaft is heavier than in any other Lep- idoptera ; it is well protected by an abundance of scales on the
AXTENX.T? OK LKITDOPTKKA. 41
dorsal aspect, and it bears on its ventral aspect wide expansions, considerably compressed. These have hairs of the third type ar- ranged on their sides in a semicircle with its opening directed ven- trad. Within the semicircle is an abundance of pits and rods. The ventral expansions are as long as the segments which bear them, and n(>ar the apex of the clavola, where the shaft is smaller in (U.ini- eter, they cause it to be more or less recnirved, as we find it among the Hosperiina. In some of the pectinate forms, e. g., Snieruithus (jeiiiiiKititx, the ventral expansions are well developed and extend far ventrad of the bases of the {)eetinations. Such forms are found among those members of the groiq) which are not so swift in flight as the other Sphingidje.
The evidence of the antennte in all these cases just noted is neither clear enough nor strong enough in itself to warrant any change in the classification, but it may suggest the direction of work on other organs. For the relationships of the larger groups, I do not believe the antenuje furnish as good guides as do other organs. For, while they are subject to great variation by reason of the pe- culiar habits and environment of the particular genus or species, the}' do not afford a sufficiently large basis for variation to leave a stable and constant ground-work for the tracing out of the paths by which the specializations are brought about. In smaller groups they are of great value. The best example of this is perhaps to be seen among the Saturniina in the Fi-enulum-losers. They are often of value also when other organs seem to be constant in a number of forms, e. r/., in the Xoctuidae, Agaristidre, Pericopidae and Lyman- triidie, the wing structures are pretty constant, but the antennal structures show considerable variation and afford characters to dis- tinguish the groups.
The FRENULtrM-LOSERS.
The FiTiiulum-losers include the Saturniina, Lacosoniid;e, Lasio- campidse anumg the moths, and the superfamilies Hesperiina and Papilionina comprising the skijjpers and butterflies. The following table will serve to separate the anteniue of the males of this group.
THE FRENULUM-LOSERS.
A. Antenna pectinate. B. Pectinations ventral. C. Pectinations of at least the cephalic side not extending to the apex of the
clavola SATURNIINA.
CC. Pectinations extending to the a])ex.
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. (6) MARCH, 1896.
42 DONALDSON BODINE.
D. Pectinations scaled on dorsal aspect LACOSOMID^.
DD. Pectinations not scaled LASIOCAMPID^.
BB. Pectinations dorsal SATURNHNA.
AA. Antenna clavate or falcate.
B. Clavola usually prolonged beyond the club, segments with some ventral expansion, often causing a recurving of the clavola beyond the
club HESPERIINA.
BB. Clavola not prolonged beyond the club, segments without appreciable ventral exjjansion PAPILIONINA.
The most generalized antenna of this group belongs to the family Lacosomidaa. It bears a close resemblance to the antenna of the Bombycidse and the Lasiocampidae. In all three families the pecti- nations are long and slender, and arise from the ventral a,spect of the segments. They are abundantly supj)lied with hairs of the third type and have pits along the dorsal aspect, especially near the apex of the pectinations. In the Lacosomidse the pectinations are scaled, and there are fewer pits along the dorsal aspect. A study of the antennae alone would lead to the belief that the Bom- bycidse were more closely related to the Lacosomida; than to the other Saturniina. In fact, there is such a wide difference between the antennse of the first and those of the last two families of the Saturniina, that the first family would not be placed in the same superfamily were the classification based on those organs. The superfiiniily as now constituted includes the Bombycidie, Hemileu- cidae, Citheroniidie and Suturniidie. The antennte of the members of the grouj) may be separated by the following table :
SATURNIINA.
A. Pectinations ventral, single ])air to a segment BOMBYCID-^.
AA. Pectinations dorsal.
B. Single pair to a segment HBMILEUCID-^.
BB. Two pairs to a segment.
C. Distal portion of clavola filiform CITHERONIID^.
CC. Qavola pectinate throughout SATURNIID.ZB.
The Bombycidic are the least specialized of the Saturnians, and probably represent a branch which long ago separated from the one that produced the other families. The pectinations are well devel- 0})ed, but they are ventral, and there is only a single pair to a seg- ment. The pectinations are well sup[)lied with hairs of the third type, and the shaft also bears them for the width of the space be- tween the bases of the pectinations. A rather unexi)ected fact is that the antenme of the female are nearly as well developed as those
ANTENNAE OF LKPIDOPTERA. 43
of the males, while in most of the other Satuniiimi they are much less specialized.
The Hemileuriche ('xliil)it a line of (level()i)mciit distinct from that of the Bombycidie ou the one hantl in having the pectinations dorsal instead of ventral, and from the Citheroniidte and Saturniidie on the other in having a single pair of pectinations to a segment. Thus it ap])ears that they belonged to the branch which produced the latter families after it had separated from the branch giving rise to the Bombycidce.
The ('itheroniidie and the Saturniidie have followed the same line of development in that they botii have two })airs of dorsal pectina- tions to a segment. The first family has not progressed so far as the second ; its members do not have their antenme pectinate throughout. The antennte (}f these families show a high degree of <levelopment also in the arrangement of the hairs of the third type. The spaces between the pectinations are nearly filled by long, interlacing hairs, which are regularly arranged in a distinct line of from two to three rows extending continuously from the apex of one pectination along the dorso-lateral surface of the segment to the apex of the other pectination of the same side. Fig. 54 represents the arrangement in I)ri/ocampa rubicunda. Still another feature showing remarkable development of sense-organ., is exhibited in the higher forms, espe- cially in Tropcea and Sum la of the Saturniidte. This is the nmlti- plication of cones. While in nearly all other moths cones are limited to one or at most two to a segment, we here find them liter- ally heaped up on the ventro-distal edge of the segments of the distal portion of the antennse ; and on the pectinations also there are often several either at the apex or along the i)ectination at va- rious intervals. Fig. 7 shows this condition in the antenna of Tropcea luna.
The family Saturniidie is interesting in the series of form it pre- sents. The genera Coloradia, Automeris, Callosaturnia, Tropcea, Telea, Callosamia, Philosamia and Samia, present a regular and progressive series. The following table will serve to separate the antenn;o of the members of this family :
SATURNIID^. A. Antenuse of female with single pair of i)eclinations to a segment.
B. Antennaj of male with distal pair of pectinations shorter than the iiroximal. C. Distal pair not more than half the k'ligth of the i>roximal.. .Coloradia. CC. Distal pair but little shorter Automeris.
TR.^NS. .^M. ENT. SOC. XXIII. M.\RCH, 1896
44 DONALDSON BODINE.
BB. Anteniife of male with distal ami proximal pairs of pectinations suhtM[ual.
Calosatui'nia. AA. Antennre of both sexes with two paii"s of iiectinations to a segment. B. Proximal and distal pairs subetjual in male, distal pair shorter in the female. C. Distal pair of female very short, without haire of tlie second type-Telea.
CC. Distal pair of moderate lensrth with hairs of second type Tropsea.
BB. Proximal and distal pairs suhequal in both sexes.* C. Distal pair of pectinations of female shorter than, or only equal to, the proximal on the proximal segments.
D. Distal pair wanting in a few distal segments Callosamia.
DD. Distal pair present, at least in rudiments, to the distal end- . .Samia.
CC. Distal ])air of pectinations of female longer than the proximal on the
imtximal segments Philosamia.
There is a gradual progression in complexity of development from Colomdia on the one hand, to Samia or Philosamia on tlie other. The females of Coloradia, Automeris and Callosaturnin, have a sin- gle pair of pectinations to a segment, while those of the other genera have two pairs. The males of tlie first two geuera have the distal pair shorter, while the other have the two pairs subequal. There is also a gradual increase in both sexes from one end of the series to the other in the number and position of the cones. In Samia there is not only an abiuidauce on tlie shaft, but many are on the pecti- nations of the distal portion of the clavola. There is some doubt as to whether S-tmia or P/ii/o.'<amia should be considered tlie higlier form. The male Samia is more highly developed tlian llie male Philosamii ; bat on the other hand, the female Samia is less devel- oped than the female Phllo^tmia. I believe that now Ssmii is the higher form, and that it has outstripped Phihsamia in specialization in comparatively recent times. If the females lag behind the males, as seems most probable, the condition we find in the two genera would indicate that the male Philosamia has been long enough fixed to allow the female to approach it in specialization ; while in Samia the male is even now progressing in complexity, and the female has not had time to ajiproiich it in development. There are many indi- cations in the anteunie of Samia which point to its recent or even present progress. The pectinations are not well established in form and position ; the cones are variable in position ; even the segmen- tation is more or less indefinite in portions of the clavola.
* The genus Satiimia belongs somewhere in this sectioii. It is represented in the United State.? by a single rare species. R galbiua. and no specimen i.s at hand for study. The descriptions of the insect are too indefinite on points relating to the antenuie to he of any value. au,l it is necesi^ary. therefore, to omit this genus from the table.
ANTENNA OF LEPIDOPTERA. 45
The Hespcriina and Papilionina are widely separated from the other Lepidoptera. The anteiiiue show that they, with the other Frenatse, probably branched off from the Jugatae very early. The character of the chitinons surface of the clavola allies them to the Frenatie and at the same time the absence of cones in all forms shows that they branched off from tiie other Frenatse before the origin of those organs. That the cones have been present, and have subse- quently disappeared in all skippers and butterflies, is scarcely con- ceivable ; that these organs have originated many times in the other Frenatse is equally difficult to believe ; we must conclude, therefore, that the cones originated early in the history of the Frenatie, but that the Hesperiina and Pajiilionina separated from the Frenate stem before that origin. It is certain also that the Hes})eriina and PajMlionina separated from a stem-form conniion to the two. The ventral ex])ansion producing the hook in so many members of the former superfamily is probably a development brought about after the separation took place. Most forms of the Hesperiina have a less abrupt club than do the butterflies. The clavola thickens more gradually from the proximal end, and it is often produced in a taper- ing point at the apex beyond the club proper. In most other respects the antennje of the two forms present many common characters. The Hesperiid antenna is not so highly developed as those of the other superfamily. Both in the organs they possess and in the struc- ture of the whole antenna, they exhibit a lower degree of speciali- zation. The aiitennte are inserted far apart, while in the Papilionina they are nearer together. The recurved hook so characteristic in such forms as Epar(jyreu>i titynns, Fig. 4, our most common large skipper, does not occur in all forms. Megathi/inan yiuxtt, another ski{)per of about the same size, but belonging to another family, lacks the hook, and there is only a slight curving of the end of the clavola, not more than is seen in some of the butterflies. In such forms, however, the ventral expansion is a feature which distinguishes them from the Papilionina.
The Papilionina includes the Pajjilionidie, Pieridic, Lycsenidie and Nym})hali(Ue. The Papilionina' rei)resents one line resulting from a dichotomous division of the stem-form of the Pai)ilionina, and the three other families represent the other. The members of the sub- family Papilioninie have developed a type of antenna quite different in some respects from that of the other forms. This confirms one of tiie most important changes made in the older classifications ])y
TRANS. AM. EXT. SOC. XXIII. MARCH. ISyb.
46 DONALDSON BODINE.
that of Professor Coiiistock — the separation of the Pieridie from the Pupiliouidse and association of them with the Nymphalidse and Ly- csenidre, while the Papilionidse are left standing alone, except for the few almost archaic forms representing the Parnassians. Instead of scales and pits along the clavola as in the Nymphalidre, or scales alone as in most of the members of the other families, there are in the Papilioninre no scales distad of the first segment of the clavola, but there is an abundance of short hairs or rods which no doubt serve as sense organs, and possibly serve to compensate for the scar- city of well-developed pits of the usual type. The sense organs are scattered over the whole surface of the clavola with considerable regularity, and the lack of scales is doubtless due to their large de- velopment. In the Parnassiime we find the same short hairs or rods, but instead of extending over the whole surface of the clavola, they are confined to a more limited area along the distal portion. The Parnassians are doubtless nearer the stem form of the Papilionina than are the Papilioninse. There are only four species, comprising a single genus, in the fauna of North America, and from their gen- eral structure they are regarded as a not very highly developed group. They have a thick covering of scales over the clavola, at least on the dorsal aspect, but the presence of the short hairs allies them to the Papilioninse and separates them from the other families of butterflies. The antennae of the Papilionidse, then, indicate that they are distinct from the other butterflies, and that they are less highly specialized.
I am unable to find any definite characters in the antennje them- selves which are constant for the separate families, and which will separate the Pieridre, Lyca?nida3 and Nymphalidte. The Pieridie, however, differ from the Lyctenidse in the insertion of their antennae. In the former the antennjie do not infringe upon the eyes, while in the latter family, at least, the sockets do encroach upon the eyes. The Nyraphalidae have the most highly organized antennae of all the butterflies. They are abundantly supplied with well-developed pits. The clavola has pits upon the ventral surface even to the proximal segment in some forms, and there are other indications that these forms express the highest antennal development among the butterflies.
It would perhaps be futile to compare the antennas of the skip])ers and butterflies with those of the moths. There is a wide difference between the structure and the organs of the antennae of two such
ANTENNAE OF LEPIDOPTKUA. 47
extreme forms as Satnia cecropla ami EuvdHexm antiopa, but that each is best adapted to the other structures and to the life habits of the possessoi", and is most efficient in supplyin^j the needs of its ex- istence, is perhaps un(|uesti()ned. Samia cecrojna is chiefly nocturnal ; even in closely allied diurnal forms, such as Callosaviia promdhea, vision a})pears to be of little service as a j^uide to the motion of the moth ; and in such forms \\c find a higher degree of development in pectinations which bear an abundance of long sense-hairs of the third type. Eiivanessa and the skippers and butterflies in general ajDpear to have excellent vision, and in no case do they have pecti- nations or sense-hairs of the third type. The pits and rods, how- ever, which are common to all families of the LejDidoptera, reach a higher developnient in Euvanessa than in Samia. We may assert, then, with a fair degree of confidence that the antennae of the but- terflies are more limited in their functions, but that within the limits of their scope they are more efficient.
SUMMARY.
The character of the subject of this thesis makes it difficult to sunnnarize the results of th(^ work. The niore important features, however, may be noticed under the following numbers:
1. jNIuscles in the head move the scape ; muscles in the scape move the pedicel ; distad of the scape no muscles have been demonstrated, and the clavola is therefore capable of motion in itself only when acted upon by some external force causing a flexure and a subsequent extension.
2. Besides organs for protection, there are at least six types of sense organs situated in the antennae, and all but one are developed from a simple sense-hair inserted at the ectal end of a pore-canal through which it is connected with a multinuclear sense-cell.
3. The antennae doubtless function as sense organs of touch, smell and hearing, altliough those senses are not subject to the same limi- tations as in the higher animals and may be considerably diflerent in their range of perception. '
4. T!ie antenme show that all Lepidoptera are descended from one primitive stem form, of which we may preilicate the more essen- tial features of structure.
5. The evohition of ventral expansions, of pectinations, of the chitinous surface, of the sense organs shows an increasing differen-- tiation of structure following the demand for increasing specialization of function.
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. MAECH. 1896.
48 DONALDSON BODINE.
n. In the more essential features, the evidence of the antennae of all the families of the Lepidoptera confirms the provisional classifi- (jation based upon the wing structures, though in a number of cases it indicated a change in the relationships of some of the families. These arc indicated in the chapter on the discussion of the families.
CONCLUSION.
The work carried on upon the antennte of the Lepidoptera proves that these organs are worthy of more extended study. Aside from the great interest which attaches to them as the most specialized sense organs, their value as records of the descent of families is very considerable in taxonomic work. In the determination of the I'ela- tionships of the larger groups, they do not furnish as good guides as some of the larger organs, for while they are subject to great varia- tion, they do not afford a sufficiently large basis for variation to leave a stable and constant ground-work for the tracing out of the patlis by which the specializations are brought about. As supple- menting the evidence of the wings they are valuable. This thesis has dealt only with the relationships of families and superfamilies, but there is a large field for work within these groups, and in many cases the antennre will be found most important in taxonomic work. Owing to the difficulty of observation and the necessity for especial preparation, they afford few characters which would be practicable for recognition characters in ordinary systematic work, but for the more careful and painstaking work of the study of relationships they are of great value.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The following is a pretty complete bibliography of the subject of the antenme of the Lepidoptera. Most of the works referred to are upon the histology of tlie organs, or upon the question of the })hysio- logical signilicance of the antenuiie. So far as I have been able to discover, nothing has been done with the comparative study of dif- ferent families. A few of tlie works given have not been at my conunand, and they are given from references made to them by other authors.
Alpheraky, S. — De Tolfiiction chez les Lepidopteres. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1890, pp. X(.;Y1I-C.
ANTEXNiE OK LEPIDOPTKRA. 49
Arkle, J. — -Notes on "Assembling." \vitli some general Kenirtrks on the Senses
ill Lepidoptera. The Enlouiohjgist, London, 1891, Vol. 27. p. 336. Balbiani, G. — Xote sur les Antennes servant aux Insectes pour la Recherche des
Sexes. Aniiales d. 1. Soc. Ent. Fr., 4th ser. T. 6, 18(iG, Bull. S. 38. Bastian, H. C. — The Brain as an Organ of Miiiil. London, jip. XII and 708. Bennett and Holmes. — Mounting insect organs for the inicroseoiie. Science
Gossip, XIX. pp. 208-232. Blanchard, R. — Ereur des Sens chez un Lepidoi»tere. Bull. .Soc. Zool. de Fr.,
XVI. J). 2.3. Metamorphoses, Moeurs, et Instincts des Insectes. Paris, 1868. Blix. — Exper. Beit. z. Losung d. Frage ii. d. Specif. Energie d. Hautnerven, Zeit.
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antf:nn^ of lepidoptera. 51
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On the Senses, Instincts and Intelligence of Animals, with special Reference to Insects. Internat. Sci. Series, 64.
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52 DONALDSON BODINE.
Mayer, A. M. — Ueber das Gehororgan bei den Gliedertiereu. Natur forscher,
8 Jahrg., 1875, S. 29-30. Aus Philosophical Mag. ser. 4. Vol. 48, 1874, p.
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See also Miiller in Kosmos, Vol. II, p. 42, and also for Jan.. 1879, p. 285. Notes on Brazilian Entomology. Odors emitted by Butterflies and Moths.
Trans. Eat. Soc. 1878, pp. 211-223. Remarks on Odors emitted by Butterflies and Moths. Zeit. f. Naturwi.ssen,
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und Geruchsorganen im Besonderu. Archiv. f. Naturgeschichte, 39 Jabre,
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1887. p. 279. Comx)ensation for the loss of eyesight by the increase in the Sense of Touch,
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AXTENNiE OF LEPIDOPTERA. 53
Sazepin, B. — ^Ueber den liistologischeu Ban und die Vertheilung der nervosen
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TRANS. AM. EXT. SOC. XXIII. MARCH. 1896.
64
DONALDSON BODINE.
Westcott, O. S. — The Assembling of the Cecropia Moth. The Entoinol. News,
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Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 145.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES.
The figures were drawn l)y the author with a camera lucida and a Leitz microscope, and a scale from a Ewell stage micrometer was drawn by the side of the figure. All side views are placed on the page with the distal end towards the left. The same reference figures and numbers are used throughout.
Reference Figures and Numbers.
1. — Sense-hair of first type. 2. — Sense-hair of second type. 3. — Sense-hair of third type. 4. — Pit and rod. 5. — Cone.
6. — "Johnston's Organ." ac. — axis-cylinder. c. — sense-cell.
c. e. — compound eye. ch. — chitin.
cl. — clypeus.
d. c. — dermal cell, ep. — epicranium. ge.— gena.
1. — labrum. m. — muscle.
md . — mandible.
me. — membrane.
mx. — maxilla.
n. — nerve.
n. tr. — nerve-trunk.
oc. — occiput.
p. — pedicel.
pf. — pilifer.
pg. — postgena.
pi. — pal])!.
r. — rod.
so. — scale.
so. c. — scale-cup.
see. — scape.
su. — clypeal suture.
ANTENNA OF LEPIDOPTERA. 55
LIST OF FIGURES.
1. Antenna of % Micropteryx .semipnrpurella, ceplialic aspect.
2. Antenna of 9 IlcpUdm anjentnta, cephalic aspect.
3. Antenna of % Philommia cyuihia, dorsal as])ect.
4. Antenna of % Epargyreiis titynis, cephalic aspect.
5. Antenna of % Papilio polyxenes, cephalic aspect.
6. Antenna of % Ihmaris thysbe, cephalic aspect.
7. Apex of antenna of 9 Tropxa luna, ventral aspect; 5, cones on ventro-distal
edges of segments.
8. Apex of antenna of % Antomeris to, dorsal aspect.
9. 10. 11. Portions of antenna of a '^ Feltia subgolhica, ventral aspect; 9, near
apex ; 10, near niiddli- ; 11, hetwoen 9 and 10.
12. Part of transection of clavola of % Callosamia promethen, showing sense-hairs
of third type.
13. Part of transection of clavola of % Callosamia promethea, showing sense-hairs
of first type.
14. Part of longisection of clavola of % CaUommia promcfltea, showing sense-hair
of second type.
15. Part of transection of clavohi of % Callosamia prometheM, showing pit and rod.
16. Part of transection of scape of % Callosamia promethea, showing insertion of
scales.
17. Transection showing chitiuous i)arts of pit and rod in a % Pyrameis cnrdui.
18. Part of longisection of segment of clavola of % Callosamia promethea, showing
cone at ventro-distal edge.
19. Ventral half of longisection of scape and pedicel of % Callosamia promethea,
showing "Johnston's Organ" in the pedicel and the muscles in the scape.
20. Longisection of segment of antenna of % Callosamia promethea.
21. Portion of clavola of % Crambns miitabilis, cephalic aspect.
22. Portion of clavola of % Catocala cerogama, cephalic aspect.
23. Transection of clavola of Ti Callosamia promethea.
24. Portion of clavola of % Renia restrictalis, cephalic aspect.
25. Portion of clavola of % Phryganidea californica, ventral aspect.
26. Dorso-cephalic aspect of denuded head of % ><phinx chersis.
27. Portion of clavola of 'J> Zeuzera pyriiti, ventral aspect.
28. Proximal portion of %, l^aliida asperatella, caudal aspect.
29. Middle portion of clavola of % Desmia fnneralis, caxuhi] asiK^ct.
30. Distal end of pectination of % Xotolophus leiicostigma, showing character of
chitinons surface and long sense-liairs of second type, dorsal aspect.
31. Central aspect of cliitinons surface of pectination of % Xotolophus leiicostigma.
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. MARCH. 1S96.
56 DONALDSON BODINE.
32. Dorsal aspect of chitinous surface of % Aiitomeris io.
33. Lateral aspect of chitinous surface of % Daremma nndulosa.
34. Chitinous surface of % Pyraunta oxydaUs.
35. Chitinous surface of % DicheUa sidfareana.
36. Chitinous surface of % Tinea dorsisfrigella.
37. Chitinous surface of "J, Centra cinerea.
38. Chitinous surface of % Hemileiica mam.
39. Chitinous surface of % Papilio polyxenes.
40. Fixed-hairs and scale-cups of % Micropteryx semipurpurelln.
41. Cone of % Samia cecropia.
42. Cone of % Theretra tersa.
43. Cone of % Megalopyge crispata.
44. Cone of % Endropia hypochrarhi.
45. Cone of % Pantographa lineata.
46. Segment of clavola of % Daremma undulosa, cephalic aspect.
47. Segment of clavola of % Pyrausta oxydalis, cephalic aspect.
48. Apex of clavola of % Sannina exitiosa, cephalic aspect.
49. Segment of clavola of % Sannina exitiosa, cephalic aspect.
50. Segment of clavola of % Datana minisfra, cephalic aspect.
51. Segment of clavola of % Micropteryx seppela f cerphalic asY>ect.
52. Segment of clavola of % Spilosoma virginica, cephalic aspect.
53. Segment of clavola of % Micropteryx semlpurpnrella, cephalic aspect.
54. Portion of clavola of % Dryocampa ruhieunda, cephalic aspect.
AMKRICAX APTERA. 07
NEW NORTH A.IIKKKW SI>II>KltS AXI> IIITES.
BY NATHAN HANKS.
OONOPID.E.
Hut one species of this faiuily Iui.s been described from our country, (}r('hc--<fina saltitanx Bks., ii soft-bodied form. I now take pleasure in adibn^- another species of tiie liai'd-bodied section.
CiraiiiaMOiiiorpIia floridana nov. sp. — Length -Z. nini. Kcddish yellow, lefts i>:ilcr yolliiwish ; cciilKiUitli'irax once and a third as long as broad, narrow in front, surfat-e imnctnlato exceiit in median region, which is bounded by a row of bristles, (luite high in second third, convexly sloping to low clypeus, abrupt be- hind ; a. ni. e. touching the slightly smaller p. s. e. ; p. m. e. larger, touching, but well separated from s. e. ; posterior row distinctly recurved ; mandibles vertical, with a swelling on the front neair base; maxillje inclined over the short lip ; sternum a little longer than broad, broadly truncate between hind coxse, punc- tulate, a bristle arising from each puncture; legs moderate, femora thickened at base, no spines. Abdomen elliptical, once and a half as long as broad, wholly covered above by a horny shield, and a large one on the venter from base to near spinnerets, a circle at base of spinnerets, shields punctulate, each puncture giving rise to a hair, ventral shield divided at lung-slits, and in the anterior portion are two oblong red marks.
Two specimens from Punta Gorda, FUi. (Mrs. Slosson). PHOLCIDiE.
I'lIOECOIMIORA nov. gen.
Group of Pholcese. Eight eyes ; posterior row moderately re- curved, of about equal size, the m. e. their diameter apart, almost touching the s. e. ; anterior row procured, the m. e. but little smaller than the s. e., nearly contiguous, and but little farther from either the a. s. e. or the p. m. e., but a trifle nearer to the former ; cepha- lothorax broad, impressed, the pars cephalica slightly elevated and rounded, eyes not on an elevation.
Closely related to Phtjxoc'ijcla>i, but in that genus the posterior row of eyes i» straight, and the a. m. e. several times nearer to the a. s. e. than to the p. m. c.
Pholcopliora aiuoricaua nov. sp.— Length 2.2 mm., femur i 1.8 mm. Cephalothorax pale yellowish, darker on head, black spots around eyes; sternum and legs pale dirty yellowish. Abdomen pale beneath, dark gi'ay above ; every- where with scattered granules, but most numerous on the abdomen, each giving
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. -KXIII. (8) MARCH, 1896
58 NATHAN BANKS.
rise to a large, stiff, curved bristle ; cephalothorax as long as broad, rounded, low, head elevated, clypeus high and concave, eyes large and close together; mandi- bles moderately large, in % with a down-curved spine from inner edge of base, the two, as seen from above, close together and not diverging. Legs long and slender, metatarsus i about three times as long as tarsus 1 ; sternum as broad as long, sides rounded, broadly rounded behind, in the % there is a conical hump on each anterior corner. Abdomen higher than long, somewhat compressed ; re- gion of epigynuni swollen, a large brown plate, concave behind and each side extending backward to the furrow. The % palpus with the femur swollen at tip ; the patella short ; the tibia gibbose above ; base of tarsus short, with a slender projection on the outer side, bulb rounded, as large as tibia, higher than long, ou inner side near tip is a darker lunate body, tube stout, shorter than bulb, oblique at tip, its lower edge projecting.
Ft. Collins, Colorado, in a Louse (Mrs. Ninette Baker).
CECOBIID^E.
Tlialainiii floriilaiia n. sp. — Length 9 2 mm. Cephalothorax pale grayish, blackish on edges. Abdomen grayish, blackish on sides, no silvery s])ots, venter pale. Legs grayish, the femora show a blackish spot in middle of under- side; sternum and coxse pale yellowish ; structure similar to T. parietali/i, but the legs are a little shorter and stouter; the epigynum consists of two small conni- vent holes on posterior margin and a bifid median furrow in front.
Lake Worth, Florida (Mrs. A. T. Slosson). Readily separated from T. parietalis by its nearly uniform gray color and shape of epioynum.
DRASSID.F.
Micaria punctata uov. sp. — Length 9 ~ mm. Cephalothorax blackish, basal joint of palpus black, rest white ; femora of anterior legs black, rest of these pairs white (posterior pairs missing) ; sternum pale yellowish. Abdomen black above, on basal half four white spots forming a square, and on median line two elongate white sjjots; on posterior half there is a row each side of three small white spots; on the lower sides there is an oblique white spot near base, and another near middle, venter pale; cephalothorax short and broad, anterior row of eyes nearly straight, a. m. e. fully their diameter a])art, closer to the equal a. s. e. ; posterior row barely procurved, p. m. e. more than diameter apart, oblique, hardly their diameter from the equal p. s. e. ; sternum very broad, sides rounded, pointed between the hind coxse. Legs moderately short, with some scattered hairs, no spines, femur i about as long as width of cephalothorax. Ab- domen twice as long as broad, not constricted, broadest near middle, tapering and pointed behind, covered above with blackish, somewhat iridescent scales ; the epigynum consists of two openings about twice as long as broad, constricted in the middle, leaving a septum between them about as broad as their short diameter.
One sjK'c'imen, Puiita Gorda, Florida (Mrs. A. T. Slosson ~i. Our smallest si)ecies.
.'Vli(*ai'ia coloradoiisis nov. sp. — Length % 4 mm.; ceph. L6 mm. long, 1 unu. broad : a J is I! iniii. long. Cephalothorax, sternum and legs light brown-
AMERICAN APTERA. 59
ish yellow, without iiiarkings, except tlic nii'tatars;, whit-h are iiifiisciited. Ab- domen black above, jjaler l)elow, clotlieil with {iieenish iriilescent scales, a narrow white band before the middle; eephalothorax narrow; anterior row of eyes short, a. ni. e. about their diameter apart, nearer to the a. s. e. ; posterior row longer, the p. m. e. fully their diameter apart, scarcely so far from the p. s. e. ; sternum a little longer than broad, pointed behind, sides rounded. Abdomen one and two- thirds longer than broad, widest at middle, a hard spot at base, not consti-icted ; the % palpus is similar to M. constrictd, but the tibia is shorter, the projection on the outerside very much larger and stouter, being nearly as long as the width of the .joint, the jialjial organ has the tube longer than in M. constricta, the inner tube shows as in that species, and there is a hook in the same position; on the tarsus near the tip of the tube are three very stout black spines: the epigynum consists of a somewhat quadrangular cavity with rounded corners, brosuler behind tlian long, and divided by a narrow septum : in the bt)ttom the anterior darker portion is oblicjuely separated from the smaller posterior porti(m.
Ft. Collins, Colorado (Mr.s. Ninette Baker'. One male has the eephalothorax and sternnni wholly infuscated.
Jliearia porlectst nov. sji. — Length 2.8 mm. ; ceph. 1.2 mm. long, .Ho mm. wide. Ceplialothorax dark brown, clothed with white hairs; femora i and it black, rest of legs pale yellowish ; sternum blackish. Abdomen black, clothed with iridescent scales, a band at base and a nai-row one before the middle, white ; a. m. e. hardly their diameter apart, close to a. s. e. ; p. ra. e. about their diameter apart, nearer to p. s. e. Legs moderately short, femora stout; sternum plainly longer than broad, tapering and pointed behind ; abdomen over one and a half times longer than broad, cylindrical, not constricted, and without a hard spot at base; the % palpus has the tibia but little longer than broad, and with'a short stout projection on the outer tip; tarsus slender, bulb short, very convex, coni- cally swollen in lower part, a large i)ronunent hook above, the tube short and on the inner side, not at tip of bulb.
Ft. Collins, Colorado (Mrs. Ninette Baker).
Micaria |>alli<litari«iis nov. sp. — Length 4.6 mm.; ceph. 1.9 mm. long; tibia, j)his patella iv, 2.O.") nun. Cephalothorax yellow, blackish near base, mandi- bles and sternum yellow; lirst pair of legs wanting, other femora brownish or blackish, rest of leg ii pale, patellai of iii and iv pale, lineated with black, tibia and metatarsus iii brownish, tibia and metatarsus iv black, tarsi iii and iv pale. Abdomen black, covered with scales having a greenish reflection ; a band of white scales just before the middle, narrowly interrupted above, broadly below. Head of cephalothorax narrower than in M. lotujipes ; sternum long, pointed behind ; abdomen a little constricted just before middle ; the legs are very slender, there are several si)ines under tibia ii ; p. m. e. barely once their diameter from the p. s. e. ; more than twice that distance from each other.
One specimen ^ 9 ), Southern California.
Our species of Mhcurin may l)e separated l)y the following table :
1. Abdomen not constricted 2.
Abdomen constricted 5.
2. Abdomen with several small white sjiots above piiiiclata.
No small spots above '6.
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60 NATHAN BANKS.
3. Anterior femora darker than rest of legs, especially in the male 4.
Anterior femora paler than anterior metatarsi and tiirsi. . • .coloradeusis.
4. Cephalothorax brown, % palpal bulb conically swollen at base- • -porfVeta. Cephalothorax paler, % palpal bulb not swollen at base iiioiitaiia.
5. Body pale, covered with golden scales, legs almost wholly white agilis.
Body dark, with dark scales, legs dark 6.
6. P. M. E. less than diameter apart, no lines on the legs COllStricta.
P. M. E. fully their diameter apart, legs lined 7.
7. P. M. E. not once their diameter from p. s. e palliditarsus.
P. M. E. much more than their diameter from p. s. e 8.
8. Cephalothorax pale yellow-brown luiigipes.
Cephalothorax dark brown foriliii'Oides.
£ilica bicolor nov. sp. — Length 3.5 mm. Cephalothorax and legs reddish, the former blackish on the margin ; legs more yellowish ; abdomen black, sternum pale yellowish : cephalothorax nearly once and a half longer than broad, low, clothed with scattered black hairs, some longer ones on clypeus; anterior row of eyes about straight ; a. m. e. less than their diameter apart, still closer to the very much larger a. s. e. ; posterior row slightly longer than anterior one, distinctly recurved, the p. m. e. fully their diameter apart, closer to the slightly larger p. s. e. ; m. e. ecpial, forming a quadrangle as high as broad behind ; mandibles quite large and stout, slightly porrect, a broad tooth below. Legs moderate, patella plus tibia i shorter than cephalothorax. spines above on femora and some below on tibiae and metatarsi, tarsi about as long as metatarsi ; sternum oval, pointed behind between hind coxse. Abdomen once and a half longer than broad, broadest behind the middle, depressed, slightly truncate at base, broadly rounded behind ; the % palpus has a prominent curved spine at outer tip of tibia, the palpal organ is divided obliquely into two lobes, the lower one bearing a short, stout, curved hook, from the ti]) arises the slender tube, it is twisted at base, then makes one nearly complete circle as large as the palpal organ.
Cue male, Punta Gorda, Fla. (]\Irs. A. T. Slosson).
Ciillilepiii^ pltito nov. sp.— Length 5.5 mm.; cejjh. '^.4 mm. long, 1.8 mm. wide; tibia, plus patella i, 1.9 mm. ; tibia, plus patella iv, 2.G mm. Cephalothorax (>ark red-brown, nearly black, lineated with black ; mandibles, palpi and legs similar, tarsi of legs paler; .sternum nearly black. Abdomen black, .spinnerets dark red-brown; abdomen with yellowish hair above; a. m. e. separated by more than their diameter, and much closer to the larger a. s. e. ; po.sterior row recurved, no longer thiin the anterior row, from which it is widely separated ; \>. m. e. oval, about their diameter ai>art, not quite so far from the larger p. s. e. ; mandibles with a plate beneath the fang; sternum nearly as broad as long. Legs quite bristly, tibia i with five spines beneath, tibia iv with one spine above near the base. Abdomen depressed, once and a half longer than broad, rounded at base; the epigynum is broader than long, semicircular in outline, from the posterior margin there extends forward on each side a narrow, curved, pointed i)iece. reaching nearly to front margin, leaving on each outer side a slender channel, and in the middle between the two jjieces a large cavity, which is almost filled by a pear-shaped body.
One female, Olympia, Wa.shingtou (Trevor Kincai'.l). This spe- cies, at first sight, resembles Prosthedma aira Htz., but is readily .separated l)y the structural ciiaracters.
AMERICAN APTI-RA. 61
Oiiapliosa aiiK^rioaiia uov. sp. — Lentjth 7.7 mm.; ceph. 3.4 mm. long, 2.3 mm. wide-. Ccplialoiliorax yellovv-browii, with black on the ends of the radial furrows and just behind the pars ceithalica ; mandibles red-brown; legs, palpi and sternum yellow-brown. Legs darker on the tibiic and metatarsi. Abdomen black, spinnerets brown ; cephalotborax longer than tibia and patella i ; both tibiie i and ii have two spines beneath at tij>, no others; posterior rows of eyes strongly recurved, p. m. e. about their diameter apart, and nearly three times that distance from the larger p. s. e. : sternum plainly longer than broad, trun- cate in front, broadest at coxae ii, pointed behind. Abdomen depressed, truncate at base, with a fringe of stiff hairs, once and a third longer than broad ; the cavity of the epigynum is divided into two parts; the anterior part is once and a fourth longer than broad, truncate iu front and connected behind to the very mucli narrower posterior part, which is about twice as long as wide ; the anterior part contains a large oval body, pointed in front, and, filling the cavity behind, it extends into and fills the posterior cavity; in its middle there is a somewhat triangular mark ; behijid the epigynum there is a parted line as in the other species.
One specimeu, Ithaca, N. Y. ; its small size and shape of epigy- nnni readilv distinfi'uishes this from the other species of the genus.
C«iia|»liO»«a parviila nov. sp. — Length .'').4 mm.; ceph. 2.5 mm. long, 1.9 mm. wide. Cephalothorax yellow-brown with black marks on radial furrows, and a black V at end of pars cephalica ; mandibles red-brown ; femora, especially the anterior pairs, quite yellow; posterior femora more blackish, rest of legs tinged with red-brown; palpi yellowish; sternum and abdomen black, spinnerets pale; cephalothorax longer than tibia, plus patella i, quite narrow in front; p. m. e. less than their diameter apart, hardly twice their diameter from the larger p. s. e. ; tibiae i and ii without spines ; sternum nearly oval, but truncate at base. Abdomen depressed, truncate at base, one and one-third times longer than broad : the epigynum is nearest to G. hnimaHs, but the middle finger is not pointed at tip. but blunt; it is shorter and divided by a transverse line; there is no basal striate body as in that species, but a rather broad plate containing a small rounded cavity in its posterior margin ; the usual jiarted line behind the epigynum ; the ^ jialpus has a spur on the outer side of tibia, the palpal organ has hard plates at base as in G. brumalis, but the tube is longer, though not so long as in G. coii- spersa, and the hook is stouter even than in the latter si)e(ies.
A female, Hanover, N. H. (C. M. Weed) ; a male, Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson). Its small size, black sternum and peculiar epigynum, distinguish it from the other species.
Prostliesiiiia floriduna nov. s,i.— Length 9 6.5 mm. ; ceph. 2.3 mm. long. Lri mm. broad, patella, jilus tibia i, 2 mm. long. Cephalothorax yellowish ; legs paler yellowish, except, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of anterior paii-s, which are red-brown; mandibles red-brown; sternum yellowish. Abdomen pale whitish gray ; everywhere clothed with fine blackish hair and stouter bri.stles ; cejjhalo- thorax long and low : a. m. e. larger than other eyes, less than one-half their diameter ai)art, and still closer to the a. s. e. ; i)OSterior row slightly longer than tile anterior one, and i)lainly ])rocure(l ; ii. m. e. oval, obliiiiic, about their diam- eter apart, scarcely so far from the j). s. e. ; qua.lranglo of ni. c. fully as long as
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62 NATHAN BANKS.
broad in front; mandibles quite large, distinctly porrect, fangs long; sternum slender, narrowed in front and behind. Legs short and stout, metatarsi and tarsi i and ii with scopulas, two spines below on tibia i and same on tibia ii, many below and on sides of the posterior pairs; abdomen depressed, once and a half longer than broad, truncate at base ; the epigynum consists of a somewhat trian- gular cavity, nearly twice as broad as long, divided by a narrow septum.
One specimen, Punta Gorda, Fla. iMrs. A. T. Slossou ;.
Prostliesiuia iiiger nov. sp. — Length 6-8 mm.; ceph. 2.2 mm. long. 1.7 mm. wide; patella, plus tibia iv. 3 ram. long. Cephalothorax, mandibles and sternum dark red-brown. Legs blackish, yellow on coxse, tarsi and base of femora. Abdomen dark gray; posterior row of eyes straight, barely longer than anterior row ; p. m. e. large, oval, not half their diameter apart, about their diameter from the smaller p. s. 6. ; sternum longer than broad, truncate in front, widest at second cosse. sides rounded, pointed behind ; the legs are very hairy ; there are no spines above on tibise iii or iv, and none below on tibia i. Abdomen quite long and somewhat cylindrical, but slightly depiessed ; the epigynum consists of a ca-vity about as broad as long, widest in the middle and narrowed each end ; in front is a broad jilate, concave behind, from this extends backward a large clavate septum whose posterior tip rests in an extension of the main cavity.
Three specimens, Olympia, Washington (Trevor Kincaid). Dif- fers from P. (dra in the paler color, the oval p. m. e., the longer hind legs, and in ditlerent e|)igynum.
Prostliesima valida uov. sp. — Length f 9 mm. : ceph. 3.8 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide; patella, plus tibia iv, 4.1 mm. Cephalothorax, mandibles, legs and palpi red-brown ; legs darker on metatarsi and tarsi ; sternum dark red- brown ; abdomen above and below dark gray, nearly black in front and blackish on the sides; spinnerets yellowish. Body and legs with black hairs. Legs quite slender, with scopulas to tarsi and metatarsi (except iv), three spines below on tibia i, and one above on tibia iv; posterior row of eyes straight, barely broader than anterior row ; p. m. e. round, separated by their diameter, nearer to each other than to p. s. e. ; a. m. e. largest eyes, separated by nearly their diameter, half that distance from the a. s. e. ; the epigynum consists of a cavity longer than broad, divided by a septum, the anterior half of the cavity being covered by a thin plate. What I take to be the male of this species is smaller and paler; 7. mm. long; the ceiihalothora.x and legs yellowish, the abdomen nearly white, with a triangular corneous plate at base above ; there arc two rows of three sjiines each under tibia i. and one spine above on tibiie iii and iv ; the tibia of the % pal})us is much broader than long, on the outer side is a curved projection ending in two sharp points ; the tarsus is more than twice as long as broad ; there is a dark pro- cess along the outer side, and a dark line on half the inner side; the tube is very small and short, terminating tlie o1)long l)ulb ; at the tip there is a swollen white portion.
Los Angeles, Cala. (Dr. A. Davidson).
1>ra!>i!>iUS vastus nov. sp. -Length 9 H mm.; ceph. 4.6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide; ])atella, i)lus til)ia iv, 5.2 mm. Cephalothorax and legs yellowish, with a tinge of brown, metatarsi and tarsi blackish, mandibles reddish, sternum yellow- brown ; abdomen grayish brown, darker near tip, with several faint light chev-
AMERICAN APTERA. 63
rons on the posterior part of doi-suni ; everywhere densely hairy. Legs 4-1-2-3, metatarsi (except iv) and tarsi with dense s(^opuhis; no spines above on any of the tibite, one spine below on tibia i ; posterior row of eyes procurved, longer than the anterior; p. m. e. oval, more than their diameter apart, slightly nearer to each other than to p. s. e. ; anterior row straight ; a. m. e. the larger and nearer to a. s. e. tlian to each other ; sternum broad, the epigynum consists of a somewhat circular cavity, from the anterior edge of which there projects a large plate emarginate on its posterior border.
Olyinpiii, Wash. (Trevor Kincaid). •
I>raMSiiM ]>lst(>i<lu!« nov. sp. — Length 9 T. mm. ; ceph. 2.5 mm. long, 1.9 mm. wide; pattlla, jilus tibia iv, 2.5 mm. Cephalothorax and legs pale yellow- brown, blackish around eyes; mandibles dai'k red-bi'own ; sternum yellow-brown, darker on edges ; abdomen above and below gray ; posterior row of eyes pro- curved ; p. m. e. large, oval, close together, very far from s. e. ; a. m. e. separated by nearly their diameter, closer to the s. e. than to each otjier. Legs short, quite hairy, but with few spines, none on any of the tibise, scopulas on tarsi very thin : sternum moderately broad ; epigynum consists of a cavity broader than long, containing a large plate, the posterior end of which has a small projection to the posterior margin of the cavity.
Ames, Iowa (Prof. C. P. Gillette).
CLUBIONID^.
AiiypliU'iia florillstlia nov. sj). — Length 9 8 mm.; ceph. 3 mm. long; patella, plus tibia iv, 3.2 mm. Cephalothorax pale yellowish, darker around eye- region, legs similar, metatarsi and tarsi of anterior pairs darker; mandibles red- brown ; sternum i)ale, abdomen whitish ; a. m. e. less than diameter apart, a little closer to the equal a. s. e. ; p. m. e. once and a half their diameter apart, barely closer to the equal p. s. e. ; mandibles large, scarcely porrect ; sternum oval ; legs moderate, 1-4-2-3; tibia, plus patella i, a little loiger than those joints of leg iv, metatarsus iv no longer than i, all with many spines. Abdomen oval, ventral furrow much nearer to the epigynum than to spinnerets; the epigynum has a septum twice as long as long as broad, terminating behind in two black spot.s, on each anterior side an anteriorly pointed cavity.
One I'cinale, Lake Worth, Florida (Mrs. A. T. Slossoii)-
Oayoiiiist IValt'i'iia nov. sp. — Very similar to G. calcaraia Em.; the legs a trifle longer, the tar.-.us of % pali)us much longer, and the piece, which in G. calcariita. is broad and incurved at tip, is much more slender and only its fine tip incurved; the prominences on the coxa> are similar, but the bifid process of the third coxa of ailcanita is here smaller, slender and simple, not bifid ; the color is paler than in cdkurata. and the S])ots and dots more scattered.
Two males ; one Harbor Hill near Ko.slyn, N. Y., May ; the other fronj Carpenter's Woods near Sea Clirt", N. Y., June.
Uayenna pacifira nov. sp. — Length 9 ^ '""i- ; ceph. 2.4 mm. long, 1.8 mm. wide: patella, plus tibia iv, 2.3 mm. Cephalothorax brownish yellow, with an irregular lirownish stripe eacli side connecting through the eye-region, the enclosed area is usually lineate witli l)rown. .\bdomeu covered with brownish
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lines and spots, more or less redflish in the interspaces; mandi])les almost black ; sternum yellow-brown ; femora and patellfe pale brow'nish. with some black lines ; tibise, metatarsi and bases of tarsi dark brown, tips of tarsi pale ; young speci- mens are often suffused with red; cei)halothorax broad and low; a. m. e. fully their diameter apai-t. much closer to a. s. e. ; p. m. e. once and a half thei/ diam- eter apart, scarcely so far from the p. s. e. ; mandibles stout, vertical ; sternum oval; abdomen once and two-thirds longer than broad, densely hairy, tracheal openings a little behind the middle of venter; the epigyuum consists of an area longer than broad, broadest just behind the middle, anterior sides concave, poste- rior sides convex ; it is indented from behind to near the middle, where there is a small circular cavity.
Olynipia, Wa?:!!. (Trevor Kincaid).
GayeiiUM luai'iilata nov. sp. — Length 4.4 mm. C'ephalothorax yellow- ish, with a black dentated stripe each side, and a line behind each p. m. e. Ab- domen whitish, with a large black spot each side at base, two converging rows of four very distinct and quite large spots, a large apical spot, and some small, scat- tered .spots black; the sides mostly black ; venter with a few black spots: two black lines on the mandibles. Legs yellowish, with some bands and black spots, sternum pale; similar to A. celer, J3ut the % palpus has the swelling on the tibia larger, and the projection of the tibia has the outer part much smaller, while the inner part is shaped differently, being longer, contracted in the middle and bi- lobed at tip; the tarsus is very similar, the central strip is more slender and recurved at tip, and the tube is longer.
One % , Washington, D. C, November.
I at first thought this was A. celer Hentz, but Heutz says that the spots on the abdomen are indistinct, which would agree with Key- serling's incerta rather than this species. Moreover, this species is probably (piite rare, while A. mcerta is very common.
Cliibioiist iiiflCKta nov. sp. — Length 4-6 mm. ; ceph. 2.2 mm. long, 1.7 mm. wide ; patilla, plus tiliia iv, 2 mm. Cephalothorax pale yellowish, growing darker on the head, no )nargiual line ; mandible dark red-brown ; lip and maxillte red- brown ; sternum yellowish ; legs pale ; abdomen reddish or brownish, showing a faint basal si)ear-mark : venter whitish, epigynum black; cephalothorax clothed with white and black hairs and black bri.stles. Head moderately broad ; all eyes about equal; a. m. e. about their diameter apart, barely so far from a. s. e. ; p. m. e. over three times their diameter apart, over twice tueir diameter from p. s. e. ; mandibles large and prominent; sternum oval, truncate in front. Legs mode r- erately stout, only one spine beneath on tibia iii : the epigynum is an area broader behind than in front, the posterior margin sinuate, two large circular cavities about their diameter apart, the portion between them extends behind as a truncated lobe; the male palpus has a large, stout projection on the outer tip of tibia, truncate at the end : the tarsus is oblong, about twice as long as broad, truncate at tip, the tube is bent at a right angle and then curves back on the outer side, there is a broad middle plate, truncate at tip, with a small black cone at each coraer.
Several specimens, Chicago, 111., October ; also Ft. Collins, Colo., May (.Mrs. Baker).
AMERICAN APTERA. 65
(liibioiia pucifioa nov. sp. — Lengtli 8 mm. ; oeph. 3 iimi. long; 2.1 mm. wide; i>:itell:i i)liis tihii iv. 3 mm. Cephalothorax hrownisli yellow; darkest near eye-margin ; mandibles reddish brown; sternum, legs and paljii yellowish ; last joints of palpi and tips of tarsi blackish; abdomen gray or reddisli, with a media!! basal b!-ow!) stripe reaching almost to the n!iddle of dorsi!m ; the a. u!. e. about their dia!i!eter ai>art. and about the same distance fro!i! tlie larger a. s. e. ; p. m. e. two and one-half tin!es their dia!neter apa!-t. about twice their diameter from the smaller p. s. e. ; the a. s. e. a little lai-ger tha!i p. !n. e. ; mandibles large and slightly p()r!-ect ; sternum nar!-ow, truncate at base ; foui-th i)air of legs much the lo!igest, all with scattered black spines, two or th!-ee beneath on tibia iii: thei'e is a patch of blackish haii-s on the undei-side of the tips of metata!-si iii and iv; the epigynum has a large middle lobe, cou cave behind, each side there is a round cavity separated by a clavate se])tui!i.
Sevei-iil speeinieiis, Olympia, Wash. (Trevor Kincaid).
PliriirolitliiiM afiinis nov. sp.— Lei!gth % 2.2 mm. Cephalothorax yel- low-browi!, streaked witJ! black ; legs yellowisli, blackish on bases of anterior femora; sternum pale, with blackish edges; abdo!neu black, with an indistinct pale curved spot each side before the middle, a still less distinct pair at base; structure very similar to P. pugnntns, but the eyes of posterior row are farther separated, the p. m. e. being about two-thirds their diameter ajjait (less than half in P. pu(inutus) ; sternum very broad and triangular; the palpi are similar to P. piignatus, but Uu'ger; the outer process of the tibia is slightly outcurved near its tip ; the pi'ojection to the femur is near the base.
One male, Ft. Collins, Colorado (Mr. Baker). It can hardly be a western variety of P. pugn,att(>^, as I have typical specimens of the latter from Washington.
AposteiiiiN <'iii('ti|»e!$ nov. sp.— Length 4. mm. Cephalothora.x yellowish, eyes surrounded by black ; a i-eddish stripe each side, starting quite narrow, but becoming !nuch broader near dorsal gi-oove; a black i!i[arginal lii!e ; ma!!dil)les, legs and .steri!ui!i pale yellowish ; red bands at !niddle and tip of fe!nui-, o!i pa- tella, and at bases and tips of tibia a!!d !netatai-sus ; abdo!uen pale, suffused with reddish above and so!ne white spots, a disti!ict basal red spear-!i!ark, faintly con- nected to some ai)ical red chevrons ; venter yellowish ; cejjhalothorax somewhat similar to ,4i(r(BCrt, head quite distinct. Abdo!nen oval, broadest a little behind the middle; sternu!n quite broad, poi!ited behind; lip much bi-oader than long; foui-th legs longest. the!i first: all with stout spi!!es, those u!!der tibiie and meta- tarsi i ai!d ii being very stout and long, a!id arisi!ig fi-om slight projections; two rows of five each under tibia, two rows of three each under n!etatarsus: uj)per row of eyes slightly recurved, equally la!-ge, and very !nuch Ia!-ger than lower eyes: the p. m. e. closer to s. e. than each other; the a. m. e. smaller than a. s. e. ; clyp/?us very low; the epigynum shows two anteriorly divergi!ig i-oddish i-idges, the i!arrow furrow between theiu hiss an opening behind, each side is a yellowish elliptical patch.
One specimen, Olympia, Wash. (Trevor Kincaid). This genns is related to Plinifolithi(.'^, bnt the eyes of the posterior row are much larger, and the row slightly recurved ; the a. m. e. are smaller than the a. s. e.
TRANS. AM. KNT. SOC. XXIII. (9) MARCH, 1896.
6fi NATHAN BANKS.
Coriiinsi pacifica nov. sp. — Length 6.8 mm. ; ceph. 2.3 mm long, 1.4 mm. wiile : patella jjIus tibia iv, 2.2 nmi. Form of C. amwna. Cephalothorax and mandi- bles reddish, eyes surrounded with black ; sternum red-brown ; femora reddish, rest of anterior legs yellowish, posterior legs suffused with brown ; abdomen dark red-brown, rubbed, but showing some plumose white scales near the base ; a. m. e. separated by about their diameter, about as large as p. s. e. ; sternum a little longer than broad ; a horny shield at base of the abdomen in the female, the male abdomen wholly covered above by a horny shield ; the epigynum shows two oval openings, more than their diameter apart, about like C. pinnata. Len.arth of male 5.6 ram. ; the tibia of the palpus has two conical projections below, the basal one the larger; the tarsus is long, attenuated at tip; the pale organ much like C. crocata. but the tube very short.
Olympia, Wash. (Trevor Kincaid).
Coriiina media nov. sp. — Length % r>.4 mm., ceph. 2.2 mm. long. 1.2 mm. wide ; patella plus tibia iv, 2.1 mm. Form of C. bivitinta. Cephalothorax, man- dibles and sternum reddish, anterior legs yellowish, brownish on femora, poste- rior femora pale at base and on underside, rest black, patelUe marked with black, tibiaj pale at base and tip, metatarsi wholly black, tarsi blackish. Abdomen dark brown, nearly black above, with a narrow basal band and two other broader bauds before the middle, a narrow middle band, and a subapical circle white; a. m. e. separated by much more than their diameter, slightly smaller than p. s. e. ; sternum a little longer than broad.
Olvinpia, Wasli. (Trevor Kincaid). One % not quite adult.
THERIDID.E.
Myjiiiiieiia l»iill»ir«»rsi nov. sp. — -Length % 1.:? mm. ; 9 l.i> mm. Opha- liitliorax reddish, eyes surrounded by black rings; mandibles and sternum red- dish ; legs yellow. Abdomsn grayish, with two small silvery spots on each side, in the 9 there is a black spot between theni. Head raised, posterior row of eyes procurved, s. e. touching, p. m. e. largest, less than their diameter apart ; a. m. e. their diameter apart; mandibles of the % with a large tooth near tip over the base of the fang. Legs moderately long, first pair longest, hairy, a hump on posterior side of each patella; sternum broad, rounded behind; 9 i'<'t quite adult, the abdomen globose, region of epigynum swollen and with a transverse fissure ; % palpal organ a nearly spherical bulb, the tarsus reduced to a slender projection from base, tube short, with a short projection each side.
Washington, D. C. ; Jamesburg, N. J. ; Shreveport, La. ; Runny- mede, Fla.
IVIysiiiena 4-ina<*ula(a nov. sj). — Length 9 1-^ "'"i- Cephalotliorax, legs and sternum pale yellowish, the latter blackish on margins, eyes on black spots; abdomen gray, with a large black spot each side at ba.se, and a smaller one on each posterior side some distance above the spinnerets, a dark median stripe on venter; eyes large, the m. e. but little larger than the s. c. ; p. ra. e. their diameter apart, closer to the p. s. e. Legs quite stout, shorter than in M. bidbi- fera, clothed with stiff bristles, no spines, metatarsi longer than tarsi, a hump on • the posterior side of each patella; sternum as broad as long, broadest between coxee i and ii, sides undulate, rounded between hind coxie. Abdomen high, glo-
AMERICAN APTERA. 67
V)ose, but plainly longer than broad, with stiff bristles; the epigynum is a hemi- spherical area, in the niicidle of which are two red holes, about their diameter apart.
One .specimen, Punta Gorda, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slossoii).
Ceraliiiopsis bicolor nov. sp. — Length 1 nun. Cephalothorax wliolly blackish above, p. m. e. and s. e. white; mandibles marked witli black; maxillaj and lip blackish ; sternum large, convex, with a few blackish patches. Legs and palpi pure white. Abdomen globose, white, yellowish around base and spinnerets, a black circle each side above the lung-plates.
Of thi.s very di-^^tiiK't little .species I have two females, neither quite adult ; from a deep swamp uear Ithaca, N. Y.
CeratiiiopNis »iiiniliN nov. sp. — Length 9 1.3 mm., % 1.1mm. Cepha- lothoi'ax orange, each eye with a black ring: sternum red or yellow; femora orange, rest of legs gray. Abdomen of J reddish above with a few lines near tip, venter whitish ; %, abdomen gray, the spinnerets blackish. It is smaller and paler tliau C. uifiripdlpis. but quite similar in structure; the % palpus has the projection of the tii)ia longer and larger than in that species; the middle .si)ace of the ei>igynum is narrow at base, and tapers more gradually thau in C. n'ujri- palpis.
Oue S , Shreveport, La. ; oue ? , Runnyraede, Fla.
In the geuus Ceratiuopai^, C. interpreis is hardly congeueric with the other forms, and my C. frontatm is a Maso ; the other species may be separated sis follows :
1. Cei)halothorax wholly black Iticolor.
Ce])hal()t]iora.x mostly reddish 2.
2. Sternum with many roughened, irregular dark marks; black sjx)! (in jiars
cephalica not truncate behind laticepM.
Sternum without any such markings ;5.
3. The black spot covering whole of head, truncate behind iii;;riii*e|>M.
Black spot only around eyes 4.
4. Each eye with a black ring NiiniliM.
Black spot inchiding all tlie eyes iligripalpiM.
3Iar«o polita nov. sp.— Length % 1.5 ram. ; J 1.7 mm. Cephalothorax yellci\»-liro\vii. hlackish around eyes. Abdomen whitish or greenish; the sternum brown ; legs pale. Head broad, very much so in the 'S ; in 9 the p. m. e. are less than their diameter a^iart, and a little farther from the p. s. e. ; a. m. e. but little separated, and farther from the a. s. e. ; in the % the s. e. are very much more removed from the m. e. than in the 9- Legs moderate, in the 9 there are long sjiines under tibisp i and ii, each tibia bears above one spine near base and one near tip, and one or two very long fine hairs; -sternum short, sides rounded, obtusely pointed at tij), hind coxie widely separated; the epigynum shows a transverse reddish area, in the middle a small cavity divided by a broad septum, sometimes the red each side appears as a round cavity ; the tibia of the % palpus has a stout i)ro.jection on the outerside. and another above ; the tube starts from the outerside, curves toward the tip and extends ujiward beyond the tarsus ; there is a broad piece at base.
TR.\NS. .\.M. ENT. SOC. XXIII. MARCH, 1896.
68 NATHAN BANKS.
Several specimens, Washington, D. C.
Tlie genus J/r/.^-o is distinguished from Cerafinopx'tx by not having the sternum broadly truncate behind, in the spiny anterior tibiae of 9 , and in tlie broad head of S .
Oraiiiinoiiota niaiuilatsi nov. sp.— Length 2 mm. Cephalothorax and manclil)les reddish yellow, eyes surrounded by black ; legs and sternum pale : abdoraeJi white, with a more or less connected median row of black spots above and a few on the sides and around the spinnerets. Legs moderately long, one sjiine above on each tibia. Head slightly elevated behind the eyes, more so in % than 9 ; sternum broad, triangular, produced between hind coxse. Abdomen but little broader than cephalothorax, twice as long as wide; theepigynum shows each side a reddish elliptical area and between them a red area much broader than long and divided in the middle, behind it is a small semicircular lobe ; the tibia of the % palpus has a hook on the outerside much like G. ornata, but longer ; the palpus much like G.ornata; there is a large plate on outerside with band across and a large hook at base, the outer end bent nearly at a right angle back- ward, the other end bent upward; on innerside a piece like that in G. ornata; the tube is a little longer and the tip less curved than in that species.
Runnymede, Fla. ; Brazos County, Texas.
Batliypliaiite** floridaiia nov. sp. — Length 1.6 mm. Cephalothorax and legs dull yellow-brown ; sternum black ; abdomen black ; everywhere clothed with long fine hair. Head somewhat elevated ; eyes large, posterior row nearly straight; p. m. e. about their diameter apart, closer to the p. s. e. ; mandibles quite large and stout. Legs moderately slender ; sternum convex, about as broad as long, narrowed between the hind coxae. Abdomen about twice as long as broad, subcylindrical ; the epigynum consists of a hardened semicircular area, with a narrow finger across it; the male palpal organ is quite complicated ; the tibia is short and broad, with two minute teeth on the tip above ; the tarsus has two sharji-jjointed teeth projecting backward from its basal end al)ove, the ujjiier tooth the larger ; the hook is slender, divided into three parts, the inner larger part is broadly rounded, the two other parts across the base of the palpal organ are sharp-pointed and slightly bent; there is a slender upright piece slightly curved and on one edge with a fringe of hairs.
Punta Gorda, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson ).
Batliy|>liaiit<'!i» parva nov. sp. — Length 9 1.4 mm. Cephalothorax yellow-brown, blackish around eyes, legs yellowish, palpi l)rownish, sternum and venter brown. Abdomen dark gray, above with three cross-bands aiid a large apical sjiot while, on the sides the apical spot extends a short distance toward the base; cephalothorax broadest beyond middle, broadly truncjite behind ; abdomen broadest before middle, tapering behind ; posterior row of eyes straight; p. m. e. less than their diameter apart, about as far from p. s. e. ; a. m. e. small and close together; sternum about as broad as long, broadly rounded between the hind coxic. Legs long and slender, two spines above on tibise ; region of epigynum swollen, i'n\arginate behind, a small central finger nearly across it, each side shows a curved tube.
Washington, D. (". ; one specimen.
AMERICAN APTERA. 69
Easily separated from the otlicr banded species of the genus by its small size and peculiar pattern of markings.
Bol.vplisiiilOM piit'ific'iis nov. sp. — Length %, 2. mm. Ccphalothorax, legs and iialpi wiioUy reddish ; abdomen black, with small pale spots, and a large transvi'i-se wliite one a little above the ])ale spinnerets. Head prominent with some scattered granules above; a large projection just behind the eyes, with sev- eral short hairs and a long, stiff, curved bristle at tip ; ])osterior row of eyes barely recurved ; p. m. e. fully their diameter apart, and about as far from the p. s e. ; in % hardly tlieir diameter aiiart, and closer to the p. s. e. ; a. m. e. small and about their diameter ajnirt ; sternum very broad in front, blunt pointed behind. Legs long and slender; % abdomen more than twice as long as broad: the 9 lacks the granules on the head, and the large oval abdomen has no white spot; the ejiigynum shows a i)air of rounded lobes behind, and in front and partially lying upon them is another pair closer together, each outerside of the latter pair there is a small black hole ; the % pali)us is similar to B. dra.ssoides Em. ; the projection to the tibia is not so long and proportionally broader ; the liook of the tarsus extends back to the base of the tibia, but is stouter than in B. drassoides, and there is no other tooth ; the tube starts as in B. drassoides and exteuds upward along the lineated piece.
Olympia, Wash. (Trevor Kiucaid).
EPEIRID.E.
Plcctaiia voiiiiNfa nov. sp. — Length 7 mm., ceph. in front 1.8 mm. Cei)halotlior;ix jiale yellowish, brown each side; abdomen yellowish, a brown spot near base, a broad whitisli band and behind a triangular brown spot, some- times a whitish stripe from basal s])ine and then a brown folium ; venter brown, with two jiale spots; sternuui brown, with a pale central mark. Legs pale, banded with brown ; ccphalothorax nearly twice as long as broad ; sternum once and a half longer than broad. Abdomen plainly longer than broad, with the same number of jjrojections as in P. stellafa, but four of them very much enlarged, viz., the median one at base, one at each anterior corner, bifid at tip, and the apical one over the spinnerets, on each side are three small humps ; the epigynum has a finger similar to P. stellafa.
One female and two young, Punta Gprda, Fla. (INIrs. A. T. Slos- son). Related to P. stellata, but easily distinguished by its much narrower body and the enlarged s[)ines on the abdomen above.
Siiii^H floriilHiia nov. sp.— Length 3.7 mm. Cephalothorax greenish yel- low, liars ceiilialica reddish, darkest on sides; maudibles with red lines. Legs greenish yellow ; jjatelliB, tibia; and metatarsus of anterior pairs with elongate red spots, less distinct on the hind pairs; sternum and coxse greenish yellow. Abdomen greenish yellow, with two prominent submedian red stripes reaching from base to tip, broadest at base and converging toward tip, where they surround the siiinnerets; three white stripes, one between tlie red and one each side; ce]»halothorax a little shorter than femur i; a. m. e. a little closer to each other than to the slightly smaller a. s. e. ; p. m. e. about once and a half their diameter apart, more than twice their diameter from the somewhat smaller p. s. e. ; quad-
TR.VNS. AM. KNT. SOC. XXIII. MARCH, 1896.
70 NATHAN BANKS.
raiigle of m. e. slightly narrower behind than in front. Legs moderately slender, clothed with hristles and scattered spines, mostly above and on the sides of joints, a distinct hump on posterior sides of all patellae ; sternum barely longer than broad, sides undulate, pointed behind. Abdomen once and a fourth longer than broad, broadest in middle, not tapering behind ; the epigynum has a short pale finger with recurved tip, each side a brown, nearly circular cavity.
One specimen, Piinta Gorda, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson).
Singa ino«lesta nov. sp. — Length 3.5 mm. Cephalothorax pale yellow- brown, a large white spot, anteriorly pointed, on posterior x«irt of the pars ceph- alica. Legs pale yellowish, more brown on the middle of the joints; mandibles pale, with a brown spot; sternum yellow-brown, blackish on the sides. Abdomen black, a narrow white stripe on each side, meeting behind above the spinnerets, above with many irregular white spots and two pairs of impressed dots : venter with a narrow white stripe each side, sometimes broken up into spots; cephalo- thorax three-fourths as broad as long, longer than femur i, about as long as pa- tella plus tibia i ; a. ra. e. a little closer to each other than to the slightly smaller a, s. e. ; p. m. e. larger than other eyes and about once and a half their diameter apart, about twice their diameter from p. s. e. ; legs moderately short, with many bristles, probably a few spines, but all rubbed off, a little hump on posterior sides of all patellfe ; sternum triangular, about as broad as long, sides undulate, blunt pointed behind ; abdomen elliptical, once and a half longer than broad ; epigynum consists of a quadrate area, in which is the outline of a triangular body with the apex forward, this is traversed by a narrow septum.
Two specimens, Punta Gorda and Lake Worth, Fla. (Mrs. A. T.
Slosson j.
THOMISID^.
Xystii'US floridaiiuiii nov. sp. — Length 3.2 mm. Cejihalothorax yellow- brown, marginal seam dark, two elongate converging whitish spots on the i)oste- rior part of the pars cephalica, a white band through the eye-region ; femora i and ii pale yellow-brown, darkest towiird tips, the tibise clear red-brown, the metatai'si paler and the tarsi yellowish, posterior legs wholly pale; sternum pale. Abdomen whitish above, with four large irregular brown spots, their outer niai^ gins connected, the posterior pair transversely united, the sides light brown • venter pale brownish with white dots ; cephalothorax moderately low, as broad as long, hardly shorter than femur i; eyes of posterior row about equal ; a. m. e. equal to p. m. e., but closer together; a. s. e. very much larger than other eyes Legs moderately short and stout, three spines in front and one above on femur i ; tibise i and ii with four pairs below, three pairs under metatarsi i and ii; sternum plainly longer than broad, sides rounded. Abdomen truncate at ba.se, slightly narrower and barely longer than the cephalothorax ; the male palpus has an elevated ridge on the base of tibia, which is prolonged on the inner side ; a pointed projection at tip of tibia; tarsus broad, distinctly pointed at tip; palpal organ broad, simple, from the lower inner end a tube arises and runs upwai-d and around the bulb, near the lower middle is a short curved black hook, and on inner side a dark stripe runs upward and around the end.
One male, Punta Gorda, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson).
AMERICAN APTERA. 71
Coriai'SK'liiK' floridaiia nov. sp. — Lengtli 4. mm. Cephalotliorax uniform hiowii ; lt',t;.s a jialcr brown, except the tarsi, which are whitish ; above witli some scattered silvery dots, below none; a short white band in eye-region ; sternum light brown. Abdomen brown, with silvery dots on sides and larger transverse si>ots above ; venter gray-brown ; very similar in structure to C. versi- color, but the palpal organ is broader, the bulb nearly circular in outline, more distinctly divided into two portions, the tube similar, but hardly as long, the pro- jections on the til)ia are the same; four ))airs of spines under tibia? and meta- tarsi i and ii ; aii ininuiture female resembles the male, but is of a paler brown color.
Punta Gorda, Fla. (^Nlrs. A. T. Slossou).
IVIiKiiiiKMiH viridaus nov. sp. — Length 9 4 nini., % .3 mm. Cejihalo- thorax and legs green, tarsi more yellow, both with long, prominent, black bris- tles; sternum paler. Abdomen whitish, more graj' above, with some silvery sj)ots and red dots at the bases of some of the black bristles; cephalothorax broad, considerably narrowed in front; the a. m. e. hardly nearer to a. s. e. than to each other; m. c. equal, forming a square; four pairs of spines under tibia.' i and ii ; three pairs under those metatarsi ; femur i longer than the cei)halothorax ; ster- num but little longer than broad, sides rounded. Abdomen broad, pointed be- hind, convex above; on each side of the epigynum are two curved dark spots; there is a broad septum to the cavity as in the other species; the % is similar to the 9 , but with longer legs, and on them red bauds as follows : at tip of patelUe, at base and tip of tibiee, and apical half of metatarsi and tarsi; posterior legs with red si>ots at tips of patelke and tibite ; abdomen with four red spots above on basal half and four red bands on apical half, a red ring around base of spin- nerets; there is a short blunt projection on the outer tij) of the tibia of the % palpus; the ])alpal organ nearly circular in outline, the tube arising near the outer tip and extending around on inner side to near base.
Three sjHH'iiueus, Punta Gorda, Fla. (A. T. Slosson).
MiKiiciioiia Ix'llnla nov. sp.— Length 9 4 mm. Cejihalothorax pale yel- lowish, with a broad irregular red-brown band each side, and sometimes a brown line on extreme margin, eye-region and clypeus reddish, a median line from be- tween p. m. e. extending back to near dorsal groove; a silvery white spot each side of its tip; mandibles with a spot at base, and a transverse line reddish ; an- terior legs sometimes almost wholly red-brown, with pale at bases of femora, but more ofteJi i)ale in the middle of the joints, with spots at the bases of the bristles ; sternum and posterior legs whitish. Abdomen with a broad fuscous stripe each side from base to spinnerets, above mottled white and gray, with a basal spear- mark and behind four converging pairs of fuscous spots,- bases of the bristles reddish; venter pale, with a broad median dark area; cephalotliorax about as broad as long; eyes of anterior row about equal distances apart; m. e. equal forming a square; femur 1 much longer than cephalothorax, four pairs of spines under tibiaj i and ii, five paii-s on those metatai-si ; sternum plainly longer than broad, sides rounded ; abdomen broadest behind the middle, pointed behind, con- vex above ; the epigynum consists of a broad septum passing under an anterior ridge, which is convex behind, side is an oblong cavity, and behind are two small holes.
Four specimen.*, Punta CJorda, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson).
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. MARCH. 1896.
72 NATHAN BANKS.
LYCOSIDiE.
L.y<'Osa floridana nov. sp. — Length 14 mm. long, 4 mm. broad; tibia, j)liis piitella i, (> iiini. ; tibia plus patella iv, 7 mm. Cephalothorax dark brown, two pale lines on pars cepbalica and a white interrupted line on each side above the margin; mandibles black; sternum pale yellowish, with a median black stripe ; femora yellowish brown, rest of legs darker, sometimes indistinctly banded ou posterior tibiae. Abdomen black above, with small, scattered white dots; venter pale, with a darker central stripe; first row of eyes procurved, eyes of second row hardly their diameter apart, and about the same distance from the slightly smaller eyes of the third row ; three pairs of spines under tibia i, two pairs under metatarsus i ; sternum oval ; abdomen quite slender, cylindrical ; the epigynum consists of a rounded cavity, a little longer than broad, in which there is an inverted T-shaped septum, much the broadest in front, somewhat like L. pratensis.
One specimen, Punta Gorda, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson).
Ti'ochosa floridaiia nov. sp. — Length 6.5 mm., ceph. 3 mm. long. 2.1 mm. broad ; tibia plus patella i, 2.4 mm. : tibia, plus patella iv, 3 mm. ; the ceph- alothorax is pale yellowish, with black spots around the eyes, a brown irregular stripe each side, leaving the pale central area about as broad behind as in front ; mandibles red-brown ; sternum and legs pale yellowish, indistinct darker bands on patellae, bases and tips of tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi yellowish brown. Abdo- men whitish, with an indistinct yellowish basal spear-ma.-k and a broad irregular black stripe on each upper side, behind the basal third this is broken up into spots; region of epigynum pale red-brown; cephalothorax and head low. sides convexly sloping; first row of eyes as long as the second, straight, all close to- gether ; eyes of second row much less than their diameter apart ; dorsal eyes much closer together than usual, not farther from each other than from the slightly larger second eyes; mandibles long and stout; sternum but little longer than broad, rounded. Legs short, three paii-s of spines under tibiae and metatarsi ; abdomen once and two-thirds as long as broad ; the epigynum shows only as a concave transverse ridge.
Two s|)eciinens, Punta Gonla, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson;.
OXYOPID^.
O.xyopes conipacta nov. sp. — Length 6 mm., ceph. 2.7 mm. long. 2 mm. broad. The cephalothorax is dark brown, a vertical white spot on the center of clypeus; mandibles dark brown, with a pale line; sternum dark brown, pale in center ; coxae pale. Legs pale, the femora, except base, infuscated ; patellae brown, brown bands on base, middle and tip of tibiae and metatarsi. Abdomen dark brown, paler on lower sides; a broad dark brown stripe on venter; everywhere clothed with white scales, those on posterior middle of abdomen somewhat rufous and on each side of abdomen above above they form two or three oblique white lines, and on cephalothorax an indistinct central stripe ; cephalothorax highest in eye-region, slightly concave behind ; p. m. e. about two and a half times their diameter apart; legs moderately long, with long spines ; sternum somewhat oval ; abdcjmen one and a half times longer than broad, broadest near base, tapering and blunt pointed behind ; the epigynum consists of a cavity twice as wide as
AMKUrCAX Al'TERA. 73
long, partially covered by a lobe one and oue-fourtli times as wide as long; some- what like 0. scalaris, bnt the lobe not as broad and showing more of tlie wivity each side.
Ft. Collins, Colo. (Mrs. Baker).
ATTID.E.
PliiliiMiM iiionticola nov. sp. — Length 6.5 mm., cejih. 3 mm. lung, ^.^ mm. bi'oad. Cephalothorax black, a broad white stripe each side, bnt not reaching the hind margin, white on clypeus. a tuft of stitf black hairs just behind eyes of second row, a smaller tuft behind lateral eyes of first row; mandibles slightly iridescent greenish. Legs red-brown, tarsi i)aler, clothed with white hair, very long under femur and tibia i ; sternum dark red-browu. Abdomen black, a nar- row white baud around base, a broad tawny stripe on each u])perside; venter with a white stripe each side; a white stripe on inner side of patella and tibia i, a yellowish stripe above on tibia i; of the usual structu)e of the genus; there is a short truncate projection at outer tip of tibia ; paljjal organ divided into two parts, the lower and larger has a convex projection on the inner side ; on the outer side there is near the tip a mark like that of /'. militdns ; the ujiper part is broader than long, irregularly striate, with a black tube at tip, which is sinuate, and has a simple ti]!.
One 2n:ile, Ft. Collins, Colo., sweeping, May (Baker).
Iciiis pleuralis nov. sp. — Length 4 mm.; ceph. 1.6 mm. long, L25 mm. broad. Ce])halothorax red-brown, clothed with golden sc^Ues; legs red-brown, except the pale tarsi ; tarsi, patella? and tibite ii. iii and iv, lined with pale yel- lowish ; sternum and mouth-parts red-brown ; anterior coxje reddish, others pale. Abdomen whitish, a broad red-brown stripe on each side, dorsum with scattered golden scales and short black hairs; the cephalothorax is low and tlat, eye-region one-third broader than lojig, slightly broader behind than in front, eyes of second row nearer to lateral than dorsal eyes; first row straight, all nearly touching, the diameter of lateral eyes is scarcely as great as radius of middle eyes ; mandibles short and stout ; anterior coxai sejiarated by nearly width of lip ; sternum broadest in middle, one-third longer than broad, blunt pointed. Legs quite short and stout, first pair stoutest, but little longer than fourth pair, three pairs of spines under tibia i, two pairs under metatarsus i; metatarsus iv spined only at tip. Abdomen nearly once and two-thirds as long as broad, broadest a little before the middle, moderately depressed ; the epigynum has a central piece nearly twice as long as broad, outlined in front by a narrow oblique cavity each side, and behind deeply excised in the middle.
One female, Pnnta Gorda, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson).
ACARINA.
Troiiibidiuiu iiiarinus nov. sp. — Length 2 mm. Bright red; body pyrifurm, l)iit not so large in front as in some species, a few depressions above; eye-stalks short ; mandil)les slender. Legs short, anterior pair shorter than body, posterior pair not reaching to tip of abdomen ; last joint of leg i slightly en- larged, barely longer than the preceding joint. Body with short feathered hairs, not so short, however, as in T. sericenm ; second joint of palpus quite long ; third short, barely longer than broad ; claw quite long ; thumb longer than claw, clavate, and with many fine hairs, longer than in T. sericenm.
TRANS. AM. KNT. SOC. XXIII. (10) MAKCH, 1896.
74 NATHAN BANKS.
Under stones among salt-grass, between tide-marks at Sea Cliff, N. Y. It is easily separated from T. sericeum by the shorter third joint of palpus, and from T. pacificum by the less pyriform body and the finer hairs. It feeds on the maritime coccid Rlpersia.
Ottoiiia grauiilosa nov. sp. — Length 2 ram., lep; iv 1.8 mm. Red. pale beiK-ath between cox», a ])ale spot each side above coxa of third leg. venter pale in middle. Legs and palj)! pale, legs i and iv reddish in middle: stout, convex, broadest at shoulders, considerably narrowing to the eyes; cephalothorax short and sloping into the dorsum of abdomen without any definite break ; dorsal gi'oove short, enlarged at end ; eyes sessile, but projecting ; above thickly clothed with two sizes of rounded granules, the smaller the most numerous, a few on venter. Legs and palpi clothed with short clavate scales; last joint of leg i a trifle longer than the preceding joint, that of leg iv about as long as penultimate ; ventral openings clothed with short fine hair: palpi short, stout, third joint about as long as broad, two claws at tip of fourth joint, the inner one the smaller ; there are three equal spines along the outer side, the thumb is longer than claws, cylindrical and blunt-tipped, clothed with fine hair.
Four specimens, Punta Gorda, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson).
Ottonia troiiibidiodes uov. sp. — Length 2 mm., leg iv 1.6 mm. Eed
above, pale beneath, the pale extending up on sides near the middle, legs and palpi pale ; stout, the sides nearly parallel or slightly tapering, more slender than 0. granulosa ; cephalothorax small, separated from dorsum of abdomen by a dis- tinct break ; a tryusverse impression near the middle of body and several smaller ones in front ; at the tip above is an impressed triangular plate, similar to 0. locioxtanim. Legs shoit. but not very stout, last joint of leg i plainly longer than penultimate, last joint of iv as long as penultimate. Body clothed with appressed narrow scales, finer on venter; legs and palpi with still narrower scales, almost hairs: palpi stout, third joint as broad as long; two claws at the tip of fourth joint, the inner the smaller, on outer edge three stout, ecjual spines; tluinib cy- lindrical, blunt-tipped, with fine hairs.
Two specimens, Punta Gorda, Fla. (Mr.s. A. T. Slosson).
Rliyncolopliiis fl4>ri<laiiii!ii nov. sp. —Length 2 mm., leg iv 2 mm. Al)ove black, with a jiale (red in life) median spot in front; a large oblique spot each side, uniting just beliind tlie dorsal groove, then continuing as a median stripe toward the apex, which it does not reacli ; a larger median spot at apex ; leg i blackish, except apical joints; legs ii and iii jiale. indistinctly ringed with black at the tips of the joints: leg iv blackish in middle; venter pale. Body slender, three times as long as broad, slightly constricted at thirJ legs; dorsal groove reaching to near middle, enlarged at each end ; last joint of leg i a little shorter than the preceding joint, last joint of leg iv al)()ut two-thirds as long as the preceding joint.
One specimen, Punta (jiorda, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson).
Sinarijii aii»<>f raliM nov. sp. — Length 1.1 mm. Pale yellowish; body ob- long, witli a rounded snout in front, which bears above six eyes in the usual ar- rangement. Body covered with a network of fine hairs, at the intersections arise very short curved stiff bristles; above two rows of five small depressions. Legs
AMERICAN APTERA. 75
very short, not as long as the breadth of body, clothed with fine short bristles; last joints of legs i and iv about as long as the penultiiijate and slightly enlarged at tips ; mouth-parts retracted ; genital opening once its length in front of the smaller anal opening.
One specimen, Puntu (Jonla, Flu. (Mr.s. A. T. Slosson).
Bdcllii fciiclla nov. sp. — Lcnglh .(> mm. Pale reddisli, irregularly mot- tled with blackish; four or five elongate pale strijjcs on tlie cej)halothorax ; ab- domen marked with blackish, darkest ou the sides, paler below ; legs whitish hyaline; mandibles and i)alpi reddish. Mandibles very long and slender over once and one-half as long as the cephalothorax, with two bristles above on each side; second joint of paljjus about three-fourths as long as the mandibles; third and fourth very short ; fifth about twice as long as broad, not one-third as long as the second joint, three bristles near the truncate tip. one very short, an outer one as long as the mandibles, and an inner one-half as long; the cejihalotliorax is broader than long, truncate in front, rounded liehiud, narrower than the ab- domen, a short bristle at each corner. A))domen about twice as long as broad, concave at base, the shoulders projecting, contracted in the middle and broadly rounded at tip, a short stiff bristle ou each shoulder, and about six similar ones around the apex. Legs short and very stout, with some stiff bristles.
Under hark of oak trees, Sea Cliff, N. Y., May. Readily sepa- rated from B. cardiiiall.f by its mottled appearance and slender form.
EiipodOM lliai'iiiiis nov. sp. — Length .3.5 mm. When alive, bright red in color, in acohol it becomes greenish, with a pale median stripe on the abdomen, legs hyaline ; the cephalothorax is narrower than the abdomen, somewhat trian- gular, truncate in front, no distinct eyes; mandibles quite prominent, half as long as the cephalothorax ; palpi thick and stout, penultimate joint not twice as long as broad, last joint not half as long as the penultimate, pointed, and with several sl>ort stiff spines at tip. Abdomen somewhat swollen at shoulders, about once and one-half as long as broad, tapering behind and broadly rounded at tip, above with a few scattered blunt hairs, a longer one on each shoulder and about a dozen at tip. Legs short, with fine hairs; leg i the longest, but plainly shorter than the body, femur i not quite as long as the cephalothorax, is broadest at base about equal to the femur plus patella ii ; femur iv thickened as usual in the genus_
Kunning over rocks between tide-marks at Sea Cliff, N. Y. It has shorter legs and stouter palpi than E. variabilis. I have seen a few specimens which are a little larger, and are covered with small black spots, but I am not sure that they form a different .s})ecies.
Orihatclla perfecia nov. sj). — Length .4.") mm. Reddish lirown, a jiale spot at base of abdomen above, legs yellowish ; tectal plate short, broadly cleft in front, tip of each projection slightly truncate and giving rise to a long stiff iiristle superior bristles long, sub-erect ; each side under the tectal plate there is a short elevation bearing a stout curved bristle in front; setse very short, thick and clavate. not half the length of the superior bristles. AbdomcTi depressed, con- vex, finely granulate, with about twenty-five bristles above, all shorter than the bristles of the cephalothorax ; no small spots visible. Wings long, triangular, rounded below, venter with a few scattered short hairs ; genital opening once
TK.WS. .\M. ENT. SOC. XXItl. MAKCH, 1896.
76 NATHAN BANKS.
and a half its length in front of the larger anal openijig: coxal plate with three short lines each side. Legs moderate, hairy, a curved plate behind the tirst femora.
Many specimens swept from low herbage in ^lay at Pine Island near Bayville, N. Y. Also one from Norfolk, Va., collected by Capt. Thos. L. Casey. Related to 0. bidentaia and 0. obesa, bnt separated by the thick setse, shape of wings, and un.spotted abdomen.
Oribatella ininuta. uov. sp. — Length .3 mm. Pale reddish brown, legs paler, a pale spot at base of abdomen ; sette, bristles and hairs white. Body quite high, globose; tectal plate short and broad, divided into four spine-like processes in front, the median pair quite close together and smaller (but not shorter) than the outer ones; between the inner and outer spine on each side arises a very stout anterior bristle, about as thick as the median xirocesses of the tectal plate and plainly longer; superior bristles as large as anterior pair, projecting forward ; on each side of the tip of cephalothorax is a stout curved bristle, which, on its outer side, bears a row short hail's ; setje not very short, clavate. Abdomen finely punctulate. Wings large, deep, somewhat pointed and incurved at tip: above on the abdomen there are about twenty fine curved hairs, about as long as the setse ; venter granulate, genital opening more than its length in front of the slightly larger anal opening; coxal plate transversely divided. Legs short, finely haired, those on outside of the patellie and tibiae are much thicker than the others.
One specimen, under hemlock bark, Sea Cliff, N. Y,, March.
Belba floridsiiia nov. sp. — Length .6 mm. Yellowish brown, a median dark mark on the base of the abdomen ; cephalothorax triangular ; two pairs of anterior bristles; superior bristles erect, fully twice as long as the short clavate setfe. Abdomen elliptical, convex, smooth, with about eighteen bristles above; venter smooth, genital opening about once and on^-half its length in front of the larger anal opening; coxae as in B. minuta.
Punta Gorda, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson). Closely related to B. minuta, but larger, and the short setie not half so long as the bristles of abdomen.
Ereina'iis iiiar$;iiialis nov. sp. — Length .4 mm. Dark brown ; cepha- lothorax triangular, rounded in front, with two short curved hairs at tip, with numerous ridges above and the outline of a trapezium in the center, a plate-like projection behind coxae i, a spine-like projection behind coxae ii ; setae verj' short, strongly capitate. Abdomen depressed, about once and a half as long as broad, elliptical, with a broad membranous margin, which is strongly striated ; above with many irregular intersecting ridges; below granulate, the genital opening about two-thirds its length in front of the larger anal opening; coxal plate trans- versely divided. Legs very short, femora thickened, with only a few short hairs; on the penultimate joint of the anterior i)air there is a projection bearing a longer hair at tip ; from the side a few very short stitl" hairs can be seen on the dorsum.
Numerous specimens found clustered under lichens on the bark of apple trees in March, at Sea Cliff, N. Y. Some young specimens are i)ale, with a transversely striated abdomen, and a row of several spatulate hairs at the tip.
AMERICAN APTERA. 77
C'arsibixIeN brovis nov. sp. — Length .4 mm. Dark red-brown, legs yel- lowish ; tlie cephalothorax has an elevated plate-like ridge each side, and in the middle a long triangular elevated region, the sides of which are concave ; four short, stitf, curved bristles in front, and two much longer ones near the base, each strongly curved toward the middle line; setae short, capitate. Abdomen a little longer than broad, truncate at base and broadly rounded at tip ; strongly pitted, or rather with a fine network of ridges, bearing about twenty-two stiff curved bristles about as long as the setfB, two submedian rows of four each, a lateral row of three, four on each posterior side, those near the base almost clavate, but those on side? simple ; venter pitted like the dorsum ; the genital opening fully its length in front of the larger anal ojjening; some short curved hairs on venter; outlines of tlie co.\£e distinct and not forming a plate, roughened. Legs short, joints slightly fusiform, with simple hairs, some near the tips quite long.
Four sj)ecimeiis shaken from a dead fungus [Polypoyus) in ^Eay, at Sea Cliff, N. Y. Related to C. (jnuiulatiis, but differs in having simple hairs on the sides of the abdomen.
C'arabo<le»i <lor!i»»lis nov. sp. — Length .45 mm. — Pale brownish yellow; cei)lialothorax triangular, convex, with the outlines? of a broad T-mark ; two short anterior bristles, a pair of longer, appressed, superior bristles; setse erect, moderate, clavate. Abdomen once and one-half longer than broad, sides nearly parallel, broadly rounded behind, not high, coarsely but evenly granulate above and below; on dorsum each side a lateral and a submedian row of four large stiff, curved, appressed, simple bristles, longer than the setfe ; genital opening nearly once its length in front of the larger anal ojjening ; coxse separate. Legs short and very stout, some joints as broad as long, with very short spine-like bristles.
Three specimens taken from the surface of a large boulder, in the woods, near Sea Cliff, N. Y. General appearance of C. cqiicalis, but differs in more slender form, stouter legs, etc.
Nothrii«« (?) inariuus nov. sp. — Length .9 mm. Black, sides of abdomen and tips of legs yellowish; cephalothorax triangular, the tip striated, a narrow oblong bridge ajjpears to connect the base to the abdomen, its anterior tij) is ter- minated by a ridge, each side of this on the cephalothorax there extends obliquely backward a curved ridge ; apjiarently no setae. Abdomen elliptical, higli. smooth, but not shining, with some scattered, very short, sometimes almost clavate hairs; venter smooth, the genital opening distinctly separated from the larger anal opening; coxaj marked by incomplete lines. Legs much shorter than the body, witli stiff, pointed bristles, a few finer ones near tips of tarsi, three claws, the middle one distinctly the largest, none of the joints of the legs swollen, except femora i, which are somewhat stouter than the others.
Not uncommon on rocks between tide-marks. Sea Cliff, N. Y. This is not a Nothrus, but nearer to it than to any other genus known to me. It will not agree witli Datrnvu)^. Most of the specimens are young and have the abdomen transversely striate.
TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC. XXIII. MARCH, 1896.
78 WILLIAM J. VOX.
SLPPIiE.^IEXT TO "THE CRABKOXIX.E OF BOREAL, AilIERIC A."
BY WILLIAM J. FOX.
The present contribution is necessitated by the occurrence of sev- eral errors, chiefly typographical, in my monograph of the Crab- roninre. The opportunity has also been seized to add a few notes on several species which were unknown to me until quite recently, the types of Avhich were kindly loaned by Mr. Samuel Henshaw, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. One new species is added to our fauna, bringing the number of known North Amer- ican species of Cnihro up to 104.
Crabro parviiliis Pack.
]Mrs. Slosson has sent me a female specimen of this species taken at Franconia, N. H., which is the most easterly locality recorded for it. In thi» specimen the pronotum and metanotum are spotted.
Crabro pauper Pack.
In the synoptic table, p. 220, the name pauper was inadvertently written dentieulaUis. The latter species is synonymous with obncurus.
Crabro nigrifroiis = septentrionalis Pack.
As suggested in my paper, septentrionalis is synonymous with nirjrifrons. I have examined the type and can see uo diflerence from nigrifrons. Crabro sigiiifor Pacjs.
This species is very close to advenus, the 9 differing by the tips of femora being yellow, and the space between the eyes at their nearest i)()int of convergence is distinctly less. Space between hind ocelli slightly less than that between them and nearest eye-nuirgin. Wings not dusky on aj)ical portion. Posterior face of middle seg- ment without transverse ridges, shining, the lateral ridges well de- veloped ; no distinct transverse ridge se])arating the upper and pos- terior faces. Otherwise the 9 > the type of which has been kindly loaned me by Mr. Samuel Henshaw, is as in advenus. The S is still unknown to me.
AMERICAN HYMENOPTERA. 79
C'raibro siiowii n. sp. 9- — Head with rather fine, though distinct, sepa- rated punctures al)ove. on the front the strite indistinct ; space hetween eyes at their nearest point of convergence about equal to half the length of clypeus in the middle ; first joint of flagelluni a little shorter than the two following united ; pronotnm longer than in coijttatns, strongly sulcate, the lateral tooth small, though distinct; punctuation of the dorsulum rather fine and separated, that of meso- pleune similar, tliough sparser, not tending to striate on episternum inesopleurale ; middle segment with sparse, not very strong ridges, much fewer and feebler than in cogudtiis, and scarcely forming fovese, central longitudinal channel deep, scarcely broadened basally. not extending on the posterior face, the latter not coarsely sculptured, but with some coarse folds or ridges apically : tibiae and tarsi strongly spinose. Black ; mandibles medially, clypeus entirely, scape beneath, two spots on pronotum. tubercles, scutellum anteriorly, apex of all femora, anterior and medial tibiae externally, base of hind tibise. base of tarsi more or less, a spot at each side of dorsal segments 1-4, and a lateral spot on ventrals 2-4, yellow ; wings subhyaline, slightly darker