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REPORT
OF THE
SECOND NORWEGIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION IN THE “FRAM” | 1898-1902
VOL. III.
PUBLISHED BY
VIDENSKABS-SELSKABET I KRISTIANIA
; KRISTIANIA IN COMMISSION BY T. 0. BROGGER
PRINTED BY A. W. BROGGER 1911
REPORT
OF THE
SECOND NORWEGIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION IN THE “FRAM” 1898—1902
VOL. III.
AT THE EXPENSE OF THE FRIDTJOF NANSEN FUND FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
PUBLISHED BY
VIDENSKABS-.SELSKABET I KRISTIANIA
SSS
KRISTIANIA IN COMMISSION BY T. 0. BROGGER PRINTED BY A. W. BROGGER 1911
XK
5456
HAA 2%
No. 14.
CONTENTS OF VOL. Ill.
Pau. Buerkan: Ascidien. Mit 1 Tafel. (Gedruckt Méirz, 1908) Hyatmar Ditrtevsen: Annulata polychaeta. Taf. I—III. (Gedruckt Miéirz, 1909) .
H. G. Simmons: A Revised List of this Flowering inate atid Ferns of North Western Greenland, with some short Notes about the Affinities of the Flora. (With one map in the text.) (Printed April, 1909) . 2...
Hans Kiar: On the Bottom Deposits fase ‘the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the “Fram”. (Printed I WOU kee dy a2 SSP) Ailes dhe dn he os se See 4 I oe G. O. Sars: Crustacea. (With 12 aati ~plaleay (Printed Jtines RIO! &. dy aes Ges ee ae a Ga Ak.
H. G, Simmons: Stray (uteintons to the Pointy of Nor th Devon and some other Islands, Visited in 1900—1902. With one Map in the text and an alphabetical index to No. 2. Flora of Ellesmereland, No. 16, Plants of N. W. Greenland, and this paper. (Printed June, 1909)... . . James A. Grieg: Brachiopods and Molluscs, with a Suppie- ment to the Echinoderms. (With a Table.) (Printed October, 1909).. 2.248 edt nts zo Op ah eat? Ae kc yt Orro V. Darpisuire: Lichens Collected during the 2nd Norwegian Polar Expedition in 1898—-1902. With 2 Plates. (Printed October, 1909) .
Cart Buece: Petrographische Resultate der ten Prati Expedition. (Mitd Tafeln und Karten.) (Gedruckt October, 1910} Coyrap Fristept: Sponges from the Coast of Ellesmere- Land. (Printed October, 1909) p fee Freprik Incvarson: Die Treibhélzer sink dem Hilleswmene: Land. (Gedruckt June, 1910) . aR
Ap. S. Jensen: Fishes. (Printed December, 1910) .
A. AppeLLér: Pycnogoniden. (Gedruckt November, 1910) . . H. H. Gran: Phytoplankton. (Gedruckt Februar, 1911)
1— 12 1— 9 1—110 1: 2 1s 47 1— 36 1— 45 i & 1— 38 1S ey i+ 5 oe 1— 28
REPORT OF THE SECOND NORWEGIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION IN THE “FRAM”, 1898—1902. No. 14.
PAUL BJERKAN:
ASCIDIEN
(MIT 1 TAFEL)
AT THE EXPENCE OF THE FRIDTJOF NANSEN
FUND FOR ‘THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
PUBLISHED BY
VIDENSKABS-SELSKABET I KRISTIANIA
KRISTIANIA PRINTED BY A. W. BROGGER 1908
D:: Material ist leider nicht sehr reich an Arten, hat aber in Ver- bindung mit einer Sammlung nordamerikanischer Ascidien im zoologischen Museum der Universitat zu Kristiania grosses Interesse, speziell fir die Ausbreitung vieler Arten. Viele Arten, die im Meere nérdlich von Eu- ropa ihre Heimat haben oder dort eingedrungen sind, findet man auch in Grénland und dem arktisch-amerikanischen Archipel oder an der Ost- -kiste von Nord-Amerika, sogar weit nach Siiden hinein. Wegen der speziellen Stromverhaltnisse des Eismeeres ist dies ja auch sehr natiir- lich. Die Eier und Larven der verschiedenen Ascidien lassen sich leicht mit dem Strome forttreiben, und wenn sie nur die fiir sie geeignete Was- sertemperatur vorfinden, machen sie ihre Entwicklung durch und wer- den sesshaft ebensogut weit von der Stelle, wo die Eltern befestigt waren, als in deren Nahe. Durch die Arbeiten von Travstept (1880) und Hart- MEYER: (1903) sind viele Arten, die friher vom nérdlichen Europa be- schrieben worden sind, auch fir Gronland und die benachbarten Meere nachgewiesen. Viele von diesen sind an den Kisten Nord-Asiens gefunden, und wenr man sie auch zwischen den Inseln des arktisch- amerikanischen Archipels findet, hat es keinen Zweck, ihre Zirkumpo- laritat in Abrede zu stellen.
‘Die Ascidien der 2ten “Fram’-Expedition sind auf 76—79° N. B. und 75—90° W. L. (Greenwich), in den Sunden und Fyjorden, die von Smiths Sund gegen Westen und von Jones’ Sund gegen Norden in das Ellesmere Land eindringen, genommen. Speziell sind durch Dreggen an den Kusten von Simmons Halbinsel zwischen Gaasefjord und Helvedesporten viele Ascidien gefunden worden. Im Gaasefjord lag die “Fram” eingefroren in den zwei Wintern 1900—01 und 1901 --02. Uber die Meeresfauna dieses Fjords sagt Sverprup!): ,Bay (der Zoologe der Expedition) erzahlte, dass er niemals an irgend welcher Stelle in den arktischen Gegenden eine so reiche Fauna gefunden habe. Seine Funde
1 Orro Sverprup, Nyt Land, vy, Il, p. 112.
4 PAUL BJERKAN. [2ND ARC. EXP. FRAM
waren in mehreren Beziehungen itberraschend. Schade nur, dass er nicht langere Zeit arbeiten konnte.“ Der letzte Passus zeigt, wie schwierig es ist, in den hocharktischen Gegenden mit der Dregge zu arbeiten. Die langste Zeit des Jahres deckt das Eis alles, und nur in den Monaten Juli und August, oder wenn man gliicklich ist, auch einige Tage im Sep- tember, kann man die See offen finden. Uber die Verhaltnisse der oben erwahnten Meeresstrasse Helvedesporten kann man in Simmons’ “Rapport’’!) lesen. Man sieht, wie der Strom hier sehr stark zwischen Jones’ Sund und der nérdlich hegenden Norskebugt’ zieht, Verhaltnisse, die speziell fir festsitzende Tiere sehr vorteilhaft sein miissen. Die Schwierigkeiten beim Dreggen waren aber sehr gross. Eis, Strom und Wind bewirkten, dass man nur an einzelnen vom Zufall bestimmten Stellen dreggen konnte. Dass das Material unter diesen Umstanden etwas liickenhaft werden musste, ist leicht zu verstehen.
Das Material enthalt 6 Arten, die 5 Genera reprasentieren. Alle ge- héren zu den einfachen Ascidien und trotz sorgfaltiger Untersuchungen des tibrigen Materials, zum Beispiel der Balaniden, bin ich nicht im Stande gewesen, irgend eine ,Synascidien“-Kolonie zu finden.
Wenn ich im folgenden die Arten naher bespreche, muss ich bemerken, dass von Synonymie des Platzes wegen nur das Notwendigste mitgenom- men ist. Ubrigens verweise ich auf Harrmeyers, »Ascidien der Arktis‘, wo die Synonymie aller arktischen Ascidien ausfihrlich behandelt ist. Wenn ich von dem obenerwahnten Verfasser abweiche, wird dies im Texte ausdricklich bemerkt.
Hinsichtlich der naéheren Angaben der Fundstellen ist auf die Karten in Isacusen, ,,Astronomical und Geodetical Observations® (No. 5 dieses »Report“) hinzuweisen*). Um den Gebrauch der Karten zu erleichtern, schreibe ich wie in diesen Karten die Namen, die von der » Fram “-Expedi- tion gegeben sind, norwegisch, schicke aber eine Ubersetzung in deutscher und englischer Sprache voraus:
Gaasefjord = Gansefjord = Geese F jord.
Renbugten = Renntierbucht = Reindeer Bay.
Helvedesporten = Hllenpforte = Hell Gate.
Havnefjord = Hafenfjord = Harbour Fjord.
Norskebugt = Norwegische Bueht = Norwegian Bay.
' Orro Sverprvp, Nyt Land, v. II, p, 374. ? Romer und Scuaupiyy, Fauna Arctica, v. II, 2,
* Dieselben Karten, von Isacusen gezeichnet, sind auch in Orro Svervrup, Nyt Land, v. III zu finden.
1898—1902, No. 14.] ASCIDIEN. 3)
Fam: Halocynthiidae. Halocynthia (part.) Verriii, 1879.
Halocynthia arctica (Hartm.)
Syn: Cynthia echinata, Autores. 1879, Halocynthia echinata, Verritt, p. 148. 1903, s arctica, Harrmeyer, p. 190. Fundstelle:
24 Juli, 1900, Havnefjord, 85 m. (am Winterhafen), 1 Expl.
Diese Art ist von Harrmeyer (1899) von der H. echinata (L) als spezifisch arktisch ausgeschieden worden. Uber die nahere Synonymie siehe Hartmeyer (1903, p. 190). Eine dussere Higentiimlichkeit der Art sind nach dem erwahnten Verfasser die kreisférmig angeordneten Dornen mit einem langeren, peitschenférmigen Dorn in der Mitte. Ich habe doch ifters Exemplare vom nérdlichen Norwegen gefunden, die sowohl nach der Fundstelle als nach der inneren Organisation zu der vorliegenden Art gehérten, bei denen aber der zentrale Dorn und die regelmissige Anordnung der Dornen tiberhaupt fehlten. Das einzigste Expl. im Ma- teriale hatte typische Dornenanordnung, 7 Kiemensackfalten und Dor- salfalte mit zungenformigen Fortsatzen und ist demnach eine sichere H. arctica.
Die Art ist friher im arktisch-amerikanischen Archipel, in der Banks- strasse, von Hartmeyer (1903) nachgewiesen worden, und da sie auch vom nérdlichen Europa und Asien (Sweperus 1887) bekannt ist, ist sie somit ganz zirkumpolar.
Halocynthia aurantium (PALt.)
Syn: Cynthia pyriformis (RaruKe), Autores. 1879, Halocynthia ,, Verri.y, p. 147. 1880, Cynthia papillosa, Traustept, p. 407. 1908, Halocynthia aurantium, Harrmeyer, p. 195. Fundstelle:
24 Juli, 1900, Havnefjord, 85 m. (am Winterhafen), 1 Expl.
Diese arktische Art ist, wie durch zahlreiche Befunde sicher fest- gestellt worden, zirkumpolar. Die siidlichste Fundstelle ist an der Ost- kiiste von Nord-Amerika in der Massachusetts Bay (Verrixt, 1871), wo das kalte Wasser vom Norden eine weite Strecke siidwarts dringt.
6 PAUL BJERKAN. [2nD ARC. EXP. FRAM
An der europiischen Seite des Atlantischen Meeres geht sie nicht siid- licher als bis Vestfjorden in Norwegen. TRausTEDT (1880) hat sie aber auch von Island.
Das Exemplar von Havnefjord ist von mittlerer Grosse, durch einen kurzen Stiel an einem Stein befestigt. Die Dornen sind bei weitem nicht so regelmissig, weder mit Bezug auf Anzahl noch auf Anordnung, wie man aus den Beschreibungen herausfinden kann. Nur hie und da wird man eine Platte finden mit zentralem Dorn, sonst streben die Dornen nach aussen ohne ausgesprochene Regelmassigkeit. Dasselbe habe ich bei Exemplaren von den verschiedensten Stellen gefunden. Speziell bei einigen Expl. von New-Foundland im zoologischen Museum der Universi- tat zu Kristiania habe ich die Dornen sehr riickgebildet gesehen. Die Tiere selbst sind gross und wohl ausgebildet, die Dornen aber sind klein und spéirlich vertreten, in einer Anzahl von 2 auf jeder Platte und
dartiber. Fam: Styelidae. Styela Mac Leay, 1824. Styela rustica (L.) Syn: 1857, Cynthia rustica, Rink, p. 104. 1871, s monoceros, VERRILL, p. 93. 1879, Halocynthia rustica, Verrity, p. 147. 19038, Styela - Harrmeyer, p. 217. Fundstellen: 12 Juli, 1901, Bucht bei Landsend, ca. 35 m., 1 Expl.
16 & 30 August, 1901, Gaasefjord, 13 m., 1 Expl. & 8 m., 2 Expl.
Die Synonymie dieser Art ist etwas schwierig, da sie sehr oft mit anderen verwechselt worden ist. Der erste, der die in Frage kommenden Arten von Nordwest-Europa klar auseinander gebalten hat, ist J. Krer (1893). Hartmeyer (1903) hat seine Resultate bestatigt; da aber sein reiches Material aus den verschiedensten Teilen der nérdlichen Meere stammte, kamen viele verwandte Arten hinzu, und er fand es notwendig, die von Krar unter Styela gestellten Arten auf die alten Gattungen Styela, Dendrodoa und Styelopsis zu verteilen. Letzteres scheint mir auch sebr berechtigt zu sein, doch ist die Gattung Styelopsis méglicher- weise elwas schwach fundiert. Mit Riicksicht auf die vorliegende Art verweise ich auf die Zusaimmenstellung der verwechselten Arten bei Harrmeyer (1903, p. 222). Packarp’s Styela condylomata (1867, p. 277) von Labrador mit a square, truncate, corneous projektion between the two
1898 1902, No. 14.| ASCIDIEN. (|
orifices,“ spater von Verrut (1871) als S. monoceres (Moll.) bestimmt wor- den, ist dieselbe Art. Uberhaupt hat das Horn zwichen den Offnungen den Verfassern Schwierigkeiten verursacht. Von den vorliegenden Exemplaren war das eine aus Gaasefjord ohne Horn, hatte aber statt dessen eine Falte oder Verdickung des Mantels.
Die Art scheint in den Meeresstrassen zwischen Grénland und dem arktisch-amerikanischen Archipel sehr haufig zu sein, im sibirischen Eis- meer ist sie auch gefunden worden (HELLER, 1878), wohl aber nicht nérd- lich von der Beringsstrasse, doch muss sie als zirkumpolar charakterisiert werden.
Dendrodoa Mac Leay, 1824.
Dendrodoa cylindrica n. sp. (Fig. 1—6).
Korper: cylindrisch.
Cellulosemantel: vorn gerunzelt, hinten glitter, aber schwach lings- gestreift.
Tentakel: etwa 16, alternierend von 2 (3) Gréssen.
Flimmerorgan: hufeisenformig.
Kiemensack: alle Falten ausgebildet, aber verschieden stark, 1 intermediares, inneres Liingsgefiiss, die grdssten Felder mit 10—12 Kiemenspalten.
Dorsalfalte: glattrandig, etwas gekraust.
Darm: ziemlich lang, Magen kurz mit Blindsack, gestreift, links etwa 10 Langsstreifen.
Gonade: 4-dstig..
Fundstelle;
12 Juli 1901, Bucht bei Landsend, ca 35 m., 2 Expl.
Die beiden vorliegenden Exemplare. waren an Balanus crenatus befestigt. Das abgebildete Expl. (Fig. 1) hatte den Mantel in einen Stiel verlingert, der etwas seitlich vom Korper hinausging. Die Befestigung geht aber auch etwas auf die rechte Seite, ventral tiber. Das andere Expl. muss irgendwie im Leben eine Wunde bekommen haben. Auf der linken
Seite war im Mantel ein grosses, rundes Loch mit eingewuchertem Rande, ~ woran der Innenkérper festgewachsen war.
Die Form des Korpers ist kurz cylindrisch, wird jedoch durch den Stiel etwas schief. Die Runzeln am vordersten Teil sind in der Haupt- sache peripherisch zu der Ingestionséffnung geordnet, und es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass die meisten durch Kontraktion des Tieres hervor-
8 PAUL BJERKAN. [2ND ARC. EXP. FRAM -
gerufen sind. Das andere Expl. ist auch hinten etwas runzlig. Die Lange der konservierten Tiere ist etwa 15 mm. Die Farbe ist in Alkohol weisslichgelb, wahrscheinlich sind sie im Leben etwas rétlich gewesen. Der Cellulosemantel ist zihe, aber wenig derb.
Die Muskulatur des Innenkérpers ist nur schwach entwickelt, doch befinden sich in der Nahe der Offnungen deutliche Laings- und Quer- ziige. In der Muskulatur sind kleine Kalkkérperchen zerstreut (Fig. 5). Sie reducieren sich mit Salzsiure unter Entwicklung von Kohlensaure (?) Ob sie Exkretionsprodukte reprasentieren, oder durch Parasiten hervor- gerufen sind, kann ich nicht entscheiden. Sie sind aber nur in der Mus- kulatur zu finden. Ich habe dergleichen bei der Familie der Styelidae friher nicht beobachtet. .
Die Tentakel sind von verschiedener Grédsse. Die Anordnung scheint an einigen Stellen 2, an anderen 3 Gréssen anzudeuten. -
Das Flimmerorgan hat eingebogene Fligel; die Offnung ist nach vorn.
Der Kiemensack (Fig. 4) ist wohl entwickelt. Die Ordnung der Langsgefiisse ist rechts, vorn: .
1, (etwa 10), 1, (7), 1, (8), 1, (4, 1.
In den Falten reduciert sich ihre Anzahl nach hinten derart, dass zum Beispiel die 4te Falte, wie in Figure zu sehen ist, nur ein Langs- gefass hat. Die Quergefiasse zeigen 3 Ordnungen: I—II[—II—IN—I o. s. v. Die Anzahl der Kiemenspalten jedes Feldes ist sehr verschieden, 7—12, hinten am geringsten.
Der Darmkanal (Fig. 2) ist stark gebogen, aber nicht geknickt. Der Magen ist scharf abgesetzt, der Blindsack und die Falten deutlich zu sehen. Die 2 obersten Falten gehen langs vom Oesophagus bis zum Blindsack, die iibrigen gehen mehr schrige. Der After (Fig. 3) mit glat- tem, ausgebogenem Rande, dorsal eingeschnitten.
Die Gonade ist bei beiden Expl. 4-astig.
Systematisches:
HartMeyer (1903) hat die Arten der arktischen Gattung Dendrodoa klar auseinander gelegt. Ich finde mit ihm, dass die Berechtigung der Gattung trotz Herpmans (1883) und J. Kuers (1893) Bedenken nicht in Abrede zu stellen ist. Erstgenannter unterschatzt tberhaupt den Wert der Geschlechtsorgane als systematisches Kennzeichen bei der Familie Styelidae. Dendrodoa bildet unter den arktischen Ascidien einen ausge- zeichnet gut begrenzten Formenkreis, und die stattliche Anzahl von 8 Arten, die Harrmeyer aufmarschieren lasst, spricht fur sich selbst.
1898—1902. No. 14.] ASCIDIEN. 9
Mit einigem Zweifel stelle ich die neue Art auf nach den 2 mir vor- legenden Exemplaren. In mehreren Beziehungen sind sie aber von den bis jetzt beschriebenen Arten der Gattung so verschieden, dass ich bei dem jetzigen Stand des Wissens iiber Variation und Ausbreitung der Dendrodoa-Arten sie nicht unter irgend eine andere anbringen kann.
Die alten Arten D. aggregata und D. adolphi sind durch mindestens 2 intermediire Langsgefiisse und viel langeren Magen von der neuen zu halten. Die 2 Ritterschen Arten haben beide Magen ohne Falten, und D. uniplicata (Bonnevie, 1896) ist durch fortgeschrittene Rickbildung der Kiemensackfalten und eigenttimliche Gonade gekennzeichnet. Am meisten scheint die neue Art mit D. lineata (TRaustept, 1880) und kiikenthali (HartTMEYER, 1899) gemein zu haben. Von beiden unter- scheidet sie sich durch die kleine Anzahl der Tentakel, von der ersten auch durch Mangel an dusseren Langsleisten und durch konstante An- wesenheit der intermediiiren Lingsgefisse, von der zweiten durch die Form des Magens und Anzahl Aste der Gonade. Wenn dazu kommt, dass die beiden Arten bis jetzt nur als Lokalformen fir Spitzbergen und benachbarte Gegenden bekannt sind, so finde ich es zu bedenklich, die vorliegenden Tiere mit irgend welcher dieser Arten zu identificieren.
Spatere Befunde werden mdglicherweise die Variationsgrenzen der in Frage kommenden Arten nach verschiedenen Richtungen hin erweitern. Zur Zeit ist es aber nicht leicht zu sagen, in welcher Beziehung die Diagnosen am konstantesten sind.
Styelopsis TRaustepT, 1882. Styelopsis grossularia (BENEDEN). Syn: ? 1852, Cynthia gutta, Stimpson, p. 231. 1880, Styela grossularia, Traustept, p. 416. Fundstelle:
18 Juli 1901, Gaasefjord, ca. 60 m. (an der Miindung) 1. Expl.
Die Art ist friher von Traustepr fiir Grénland nachgewiesen wor- den. Derselbe Verfasser hat spater (1882), wie mir scheint mit Recht, sie von Styela ausgeschieden und die neue Gattung Styelopsis gebildet. Jedenfalls ist sie eher zur Gattung Dendrodoa zu rechnen als zu Styela'.
1 Nachdem dies schon im Druck ist, bin ich durch eine mir von Dr. HarrMeyer geschickte Arbeit darauf aufmerksam gemacht, dass dieser Autor und Dr. Micwartsen in ihren jiingsten Arbeiten die vorliegende Art zur Gattung Dendrodoa rechnen und folglich die Gattung Styelopsis unterdriicken.
10 PAUL BJERKAN. (2ND ARC. EXP. FRAM
Das Exemplar unter dem Materiale der ,Fram“ war an B. crenatus befestigt, ist sehr klein, nur 3mm. Diameter und wenig abgeflacht, etwa so hoch wie breit.
Die Art ist mehr subarktisch, als arktisch, ist jedoch wahrscheinlich zirkumpolar, da sie von beiden Seiten gegen das offene Meer nordlich der Beringsstrasse vordringt.
Wegen eines alten Exemplares der Cynthia gutta unter dem frither erwihnten Materiale im Universitatsmuseum zu Kristiania habe ich diese Art als fragliches Synonym aufgenommen. Ich hoffe durch genaue Untersuchung die Sache entscheiden zu kénnen. Jedenfalls ist das Exem- plar der Sammlung ein Styelopsis, und da es, wie es scheint, von Stimpson selbst nach Kristiania geschickt ist, muss es ein sicheres Kriterium ab- geben fiir die Stellung der zweifelhaften C. gutta. Hartmeyer (1908) hat die Stimpsonische Art als unsicheres Synonym fiir D. aggregata (juv.) aufgenommen, wahrscheinlich auf Grund von Verritts Behauptung (1871, p. 95), dass es eine junge C. carnea sei.
Fam: Ascidiidae. Ascidia Linnté 1767.
Ascidia prunum Mutt. (Fig. 7—8). Syn: Ascidia complanata, Autores. 1852, i, callosa Stimpson, p. 228. 1872, Ascidiopsis complanata, Verret, p. 289. 1903, Ascidia prunwm, Hartmeyer, p. 285. Fundstellen: 24 August, 1898, Rice Strait, 1 Expl. 20 September, 1900, Gaasefjord, 6—40 m. (am Winterhafen), Lehm und Steinchen, 1 Expl.
8 Juli, - 1901, Renbugten, Helvedesporten, 4 Expl.
12 =~, 1901, Bucht bei Landsend, ca. 65 m, mehrere Expl. | 1901, Gaasefjord, 60 m. (an der Miindung),
30, 1901, Gaasefjord, 8 m., Lehm und Steinchen mit
Braunalgen, Mehrere Expl.
Wie aus einer fritheren Arbeit (1905) hervorgeht, bin ich mit Hart- MEYER von der Identitét der A. prunum und complanata iberzeugt. Dass A. callosa Stipes. und Ascidiopsis complanata und complanatus von VeErRRILL, dieselbe Art ist, habe ich im zoologischen Museum zu Kri- stiania Gelegenheit gehabt, zu konstatieren. Dort befinden sich nimlich
1898—1902. No. 14.] ASCIDIEN. 11
Stimpsonische Exemplare der A. callosa, nebst Expl. der Ascidiopsis complanata, die dem Museum durch die U. S. Fish. Commission zuge- gangen sind, und diese stimmen ganz mit der vorliegenden Art iiberein. Der spezielle Bau des Kiemensackes, der VeRRILL zur Aufstellung der neuen Gattung bewogen hat, ist von ihm (1. c. fig. 8) abgebildet worden. Man kann diesen aber bei jedem erwachsenen Tier finden, wenn man den Kiemensack von aussen ansieht.
Unter dem Materiale der ,Fram“ befanden sich viele Exemplare der Art; oft waren sie aggregiert. Die gréssten sind bis 9 cm. lang bei einer Breite von 6 cm. An B. crenatus waren oft sehr kleine Expl., nur bis ® mm. lang, befestigt. Bemerkenswert ist bei den grésseren Tieren die enorme Entwicklung des Darmes. Oft war die ganze linke Seite des | Innenkérpers davon eingenommen. Zwischen dieser Extremit&ét und der — gewohnlichen Grésse des Darmes waren die schénsten Uberginge zu finden.
Man findet bei den verschiedenen Verfassern die Anzahl der Kiemen- spalten jedes Feldes fiir eine und dieselbe Art verschieden angegeben. So hat Hartmeyer (1903, p. 286) fir A. prunum 5—7 (—12) Spalten als Norm herausgefunden. Es zeigt sich bei meinem Materiale, dass man von den verschiedenen Stellen des Kiemensackes sehr verschiedene Zahlen erhalten kann. Nach der Grésse des Tieres sind auf der rechten Seite, vorn (Fig. 7) 2—12, auf der linken Seite, hinten (Fig. 8) 5—24 Kiemenspalten in jedem Felde zu finden. Dieselben Verhiltnisse habe ich auch bei anderen Arten bemerkt. Ist dies konstant, so ist es bemerkenswert. Man darf behaupten, dass es eine Anpassung ist, um gleich schnellen Ablauf des Kiemenwassers auf jeder Seite zu bewerk- stelligen. Speziell, wenn der Darmkanal und die Geschlechtsorgane sehr entwickelt sind, miissen sie die Peribranchialhéhle der linken Seite be- deutend verengern und das Durchfliessen des Wassers durch die Kiemen- spalten in hohem Grade hemmen.
PAUL BJERKAN. ASCIDIEN,
1905, 1893, 1899,
1903, 1878,
1883, 1893, 1867,
1857, 1852,
1887, 1880,
1882, 1871,
1872,
1879,
Liste der citierten Ascidien-Literatur.
Buerkan, P., Ascidien von ,,M. Sars“ 1900—04 gesammelt (Bergens Museums Aarb. 1905, 5).
Bonnevis, K., Ascidie simplices and Ascidiz composite. (Norske Nordh. Exp. 1876—78, v. VU, 2).
Harrmeyver, R., Monascidien der Bremer-Exp. nach Ostspitzbergen 1889. (Zool. Jahrb. Syst., v. XII).
- Die Ascidien der Arktis (Fauna arctica, v. III, 2).
Heuer, C. Die Crustaceen, Pycnogoniden und Tunicaten der ést.-ung. Nordpol- Exp. (Denkschr. Ak.-Wien, v. 35).
Hervman, W. A., Report on the Tunicata of H. M.S. ,,Challenger“ 1873—76, I. (Rep. Voy. Challenger, v. V1).
Kiar, J, Oversigt over Norges Ascidie simplices. (Forh, Vid-Selsk. Kristiania 1893, 9).
Pacxarp, A. S., On the recent Inverterbrate Fauna of Labrador. (M. Boston Soc., v. I).
Rin, H., Gronlands sjopunge. (Nat. Tilleeg geogr. og stat. Beskr. Gronland, v. II).
Srimeson, W., Some remarks of Ascidians found in Mass. Bay. (P. Boston Soce., v. IV).
Swepervus, M. B., Tunicater fran Sibiriens Ishaf och Beringshaf. (Vega Exp. v. IV). :
Traustept, M P. A., Oversigt over de fra Danmark og nordl. Bilande kjendte Ascidiew simplices. (Medd. Vid. Foren. 1879—80). - Vestindiske Ascidie simplices, I. (Medd. Vid. Foren. 1881—82). Verritt, A. E., Description of some imperfectly known and new Ascidians from New England. (Am. Journ. Sc. & Arts, ser. III, v. 2). _ Molluscan Fauna of New England. (Am. Journ. Se. & Arts, ser. Ill, v. 3). = Molluscoids. (Bul. U. S. Nat. Mus., 15).
Fig. 1—
Fig. 7—
Dr D PN we wr Hr
Tafelerklarung.
Dendrodoa cylindrica n. sp.
Das ganze Tier von links gesehen (+).
Innenkérper 6 as 8 (3).
After (4).
Teil des Kiemensackes von innen gesehen (3°).
Eigentiimliches Kalkkérperchen von der Muskulatur (335). Gonade (3).
Ascidia prunum.
Teil des Kiemensackes der rechten Seite, von innen gesehen (5). Teil des Kiemensackes der linken Seite, von innen gesehen (5°).
Rep.of the 24 Norwe$. Arct.Exped.in the Fram 1898-1902.No. 14. Taf. I.
Paul Bjerkan gez.
REPORT OF THE SECOND NORWEGIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION IN THE “FRAM” 1898—1902. No. 15.
HJALMAR DITLEVSEN:
ANNULATA POLYCHAETA
AT THE EXPENCE OF THE FRIDTJOF NANSEN FUND FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
PUBLISHED BY
VIDENSKABS-SELSKABETIKRISTIANIA
(THE SOCIETY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES OF KRISTIANIA)
‘-: — -———- —- 000-——
KRISTIANIA PRINTED BY A. W. BROGGER 1909
Ba den von ,Fram* eingesammelten polychaeten Chaetopoden Kkniipft sich das Interesse in erster Reihe an die Formen, von welchen eine grosse Anzahl erbeutet worden ist, und an die Aufschliisse tiber deren Variieren und Biologie, die man hierdurch gewinnt. Ich will in dieser Beziehung die beiden einander nahestehende Species Harmothoé imbricata (L.) und Harmothoé rarispina Sars nennen, auf deren gegen- seitige Verwandtschaftsverhaltnisse neues Licht geworfen wird. Nicht weniger interessant sind einige eigentimliche Individuen von Dasychone infarcta. Ubrigens ist aber die Zahl der erbeuteten Arten keine geringe, in allem betragt sie 44. Und selbst wenn unter ihnen keine fir die Wissenschaft neue Formen sich finden, gibt es doch mehrere seltene und weniger haufig vorkommende Formen; von solchen will ich hier nur die grossen, schénen Individuen von Melenis Loveni MaLmcREN — in dem Gansefjord erbeutet — nennen und ein Exemplar von Anaitis Wahlbergi Matmeren, welches an Grésse die von MatmGren erwahnten spitzbergischen Individuen wbertrifft und das auch in Beziehung zur Form der Borsten etwas von diesen abweicht.
Ss
HJALMAR DITLEVSEN. [SEC. ARC. EXP. FRAM
Polynoide.
Nychia cirrosa Pau.
1865. Maumeren: Overs. af Kgl. Vet. Akad. Forh. p. 58.
Lokalitat:
Aug. 4. 1898. Upernivik 20 Mt.
Juli 91. 1899. Der Winterhafen, Havnefjord 16 Mt.
Aug. 4, 1900. Der Tintenfisch-Grund 20—80 Mt.
Aug. 8. 1900. Der Winterhafen c. 30 Mt.
Septbr. 20. 1900. Der Winterhafen, Havnefjord 9—40 Mt. Lehm und Steinchen.
Juli 12. 1901. Die Bucht bei Landsend.
Ein Teil der vorliegenden Exemplare weicht etwas von der typi- schen Form ab, dadurch, dass die Skulptur der Oberflache der Elytren im ganzen mehr robust ist; sie scheinen in der Beziehung mit einigen nordgrénlandischen Formen, von Moore! erwahnt, tbereinzustimmen. Moore erwahnt dies Verhaltnis in folgender Weise: ,The elytra are rougher than those figured by Matmcren and M’InTosn, the numerous papilla being rough, horny, and spinous of the tip. The specimens from Cape York are covered with ,ochreous deposit* mentioned by M’Inrosu, which appears to be derived from the bottom soil*. Ebenso sind mehrere von ,Fram’s* Exemplare mit einem solchen _,,ochreous deposit“ bedeckt, welches sich in reichlicher Menge in den verzweigten Aus- wiichsen hauft, die die Oberflache des Elytrons bei dieser Art charak- terisieren. Eins der Individuen wurde in einem aus kleinen Steinen gebauten Rohrchen gefunden, wahrscheinlich einem Telepus circinnatus oder einer Scione lobata gehérig; es ist scheinbar langlicher und von schlankerer Form als die wtbrigen; wahrscheinlich hat ihn der enge
Raum in dem Rohrchen gehindert, sich bei der Konservierung so sehr zusammenzuziehen, wie sonst geschehen wire.
1 Proc. of the Acad. of Nat. Sc. of Philadelphia 1902, p. 259.
1898—1902. No. 15.] ANNULATA POLYCHAETA. a)
Harmothoé nodosa (Sars).
1865. Ennoé Orstedi: Ma.meren 1. c. p. 61. 1865. Ennoé nodosa: Matoren |. c. p. 64. 1879. Polynoé scabra: Twier, K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Hand]. Vol. XVI p.7.
Lokalitat: Aug. 4. 1900. Landspitze der Seewalzen 30—50 Mt. Steinchen. Juni 26, 1901. Gegeniiber dem Zeltplatz. Juli 8. 1901. Renntier-Bucht. Juli 15. 1902. Dem Havhestefjeld gegeniiber.
Diese Form scheint sehr zu variieren, und es ist versténdlich, dass sie die Bildung mehrerer Arten veranlasst hat. Unter den von ,,Fram“ mitgebrachten Exemplaren sind — ein kleines [ndividuum ausgenom- men, welches nur noch wenig entwickelt ist — augenscheinlich drei verschiedene Typen. Beziiglich der Grésse ubertreffen die Individuen von der Seewalzenspitze weit die ibrigen; das grdsste davon misst in der Lange 90 mm., in der Breite (mit den Borsten) 38 mm., und scheint am nachsten mit dem von WireEn ! erwahnten ersteren Typus tiberein- zustimmen, welcher mit Polynoé nodosa Sars identisch sein sollte. Das Exemplar von der Renntier-Bucht entspricht am nichsten dem Typus 4 von Whrren, wihrend das vor dem Zeltplatze entnommene Exemplar dem Typus 2 desselben Verfassers ahnlich ist, oder vielleicht vielmehr einer Zwischenform zwischen Typus 1 und 2.
Harmothoé badia THEEL. | 1878. Kgl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. Vol. XVI. p. 18.
Wahrend H. Sarsi gianzlich fehlt, findet man diese Art in zwei Exemplaren, beide von dem Giansefjord, eins im September 20, 1900, das andere ein Jahr nachher, Aug. 8, 1901, erbeutet. Das grésste Expl. misst in der Lange c. 55 mm., das kleinere c. 45 mm.
Harmothoé rarispina (Sars).
1860. Polynoé rarispina, Sars: Forh. Vidensk. Selsk. Christiania 1860, p. 60. 1865. Lagisca rarispina, Matmeren |. ¢. p. 65.
Lokalitat: Septbr. 19. 1900. Vor dem Verbannungsthale 4—40 Mt. Septbr. 20. 1900. Géansefjord 6—40 Mt. Lehm und Steinchen. Juli 9. 1901. Die Renbucht Juli 18, 1901. Die Miindung des Génsefjords 2—4 Mt. Lehm und Steinchen. Aug. 9, 1901. Ganz hinten in dem Gansefjord. Aug. 80. 1901. Géansefjord 8 Mt. Lehm und Steinchen.
1 Wintn: Vega-Exp. vetenskapl. iakttagels. II. 1883, p. 388.
6 " HJALMAR DITLEVSEN. [SEC. ARC. EXP. FRAM
Wie bekannt machte Matmoren sein Gattung Lagisca u.a. davon abhangig, dass der hintere Teil des Riickens nicht von den Elytren bedeckt wird: dorsum totum, segmentis circiter X ultimis exceptis, tegen- tia“, 1. ¢. p. 65. Spatere Verfasser scheinen doch nicht die Berechti- gung dieses Gattung anzuerkennen: Wren (1. c. p. 389) und Tuer (l.c. p. 8) fahren es unter dem Geschlechtsnamen Polynoé ein, andere, z. B. Levinsen! unter dem Geschlechtsnamen Harmothoé. LEVINSEN, dessen Systematik ich in dieser Beziehung folge, schreibt |. c. p. 29: »Um iiber die Verwirrung und Ungewissheit hinauszukommen, die augenblicklich in der Systematik dieser Formen herrscht, schlage ich vor, bei der Geschlechtsbegrenzung besonders Gewicht auf die Formen der Riickenborsten zu legen, die im Gegensatz zu den Bauchborsten eine sehr geringe oder fast keine Variation darbieten, weder bei dem einzelnen Individ noch bei Gruppen verwandter Arten. So sind die Riickenborsten wesentlich vom selben Bau bei allen Formen, die zu den Geschlechtern Harmothoé, Evarne, Antinoé, Lenilla, Lagisca, Ennoé, Parmenis und Eucrante gerechnet werden, kurz bei all den Geschlechtern, die weder durch die Form der Borsten noch das Verhaltnis der Riicken- platten scharf auseinander zu halten sind. Fir dies so durch eine Zusammenschmelzung der eben genannten 8 Geschlechtern gebildete Geschlecht schlage ich vor den Namen Harmothoé zu behalten, da der Name Polynoé fir Polynoé scolopendrina beizubehalten ist, welcher mit der Beschreibung Savienys zu slimmen scheint“.2 E
Beziiglich der vorliegenden Art werde ich nun gleich bemerken, dass ich den Charakter mit den hinteren von den Elytren unbedeckten Ringen nicht konstant finde, indem unter den von ,Fram“ mitgebrachten Exemplaren tbrigens typische Individuen sich finden, wo der Ricken in seiner ganzen Lange bedeckt ist, ganz wie bei der folgenden Art. Auch in Bezug auf die auf den Elytren sitzenden Kérperchen wechselt die Art, eine Tatsache, welche auch von Wirkn erortert ist, der schreibt: lc. p. 389: ,hvilka: afvika fran den vanliga formen derut- innan, att fjallens taggar fran smal bas blifva betydligt tjockare mot midten, t. 0. m. aggformiga“. Unter den Exemplaren ,,Frams“ finde ich einen ganz allmahlichen Ubergang von solchen Kérperchen auf den Elytren, die fir die Art rarispina typisch sind, zu solchen, die bei der Art imbricata gewohnlich und fir dieselbe typisch sind. Ich habe deshalb in meiner Bestimmung der in der »framsammlung“ vorliegen-
1 Levinsen: Systematisk, geografisk Oversigt over de nordiske Annulata, Gephy- rea, Chetognathi og Balanoglossi, Kobenhavn 1883. 2 Von dem Verfasser dieser Abhandlung in’s Deutsche tibersetzt.
1898—1902. No. 15.] ANNULATA POLYCHAETA. 7
den Exemplare, nur die Formen zu 4H. rarispina hinzugerechnet, deren Kérperchen auf den Riickenplatten dem Ausdruck Matmcrens: »spinis, raris brunneis, elongato fusiformibus aut cylindricis“ entsprechen.
Harmothoé imbricata (L.). 1865. Maumeren |. c. p. 66.
Lokalitat:
Aug. 16. 1898, Reindeer Point, Foulke Fjord 4—20 Mt.
Aug. 18. 1898. Camp Clay. Cap Sabine 4—10 Mt.
Aug. 24. 1898. Rice Strait.
Juli 21. 1899. Winterhafen, Havnefjord 16 Mt.
Juli 29. 1899. Winterhafen, Havnefjord 12 Mt.
Juli 22, 1900. Winterhafen, Havnefjord c. 60 Mt.
Juli 28. 1900. Winterhafen, Havnefjord c. 40 Mt.
Juli 25, 1900. Winterhafen, Havnefjord.
Juli 30. 1900. Miindung des Grosstals.
Juli 31. 1900. Gegend von Vestersund.
Aug. 3. 1900. Fosheims Peak und das Tal an der Westseite des Fjords 4—40 Mt.
Aug. 4. 1900. Tintenfisch-Grund 30—40 Mt.
Septbr. 19. 1900. Vor dem Verbannungstale 4—20 Mt.
Septbr. 20. 1900. Boden des Gansefjords 6—40 Mt.
Juli 12. 1901. Bucht bei Landsend.
Aug. 30. 1901. Géansefjord c. 8 Mt.
Juli 15. 1902. Havhestefjeld gegeniiber.
Juli 17. 1902. Ostlich von dem grossen Gletscher, North Devon c. 6 Mt.
Aug. 4, 1902. Géansefjord, nérdlich von der Halbinsel 20—40 Mt.
Unter den vielen vorliegenden Exemplaren. dieser Art finden sich verschiedene Varietéten in Bezug auf Form, Grésse und nicht am wenigsten in Bezug auf das Verhiltnis der Rickenplatten. Die Bemer- kungen Moore’s |. c. p. 270 uber einige nordgrénlandische Individuen gelten in dieser Beziehung auch fir die von ,Fram“ eingesammelten : »The elytra vary from those without any trace either of horny papille or soft marginal papillee to very rough ones with numerous hard promi- nences easily visible under a magnification of five diameters — —“. Und — wie ich in der Erwahnung der vorhergehenden Art bemerkt habe — was die grésseren Korper auf den Elytren betrifft, findet man einen vollstindig allmahlichen Ubergang von den tranenformigen oder fast kugelférmigen, die fir diese Art charakteristisch sind, zu den langen, cylindrischen bei H. rarispina. Es gibt in Fram’s Material Individuen, die man — nach der Form dieser Kérperchen — ebensogut zu rarispina als zu imbricata rechnen kann (Fig. 4). Die Form der Korper des in Fig. 1 abgebildeten Elytron muss man wohl am besten als typisch fir H. imbricata betrachten, wahrend Figg. 2 u. 3
8 HJALMAR DITLEVSEN. [sEc. ARC. EXP. FRAM
dem rarispina entspricht; bei Fig. 2 haben die Kérperchen die Form, welche Matmcren mit dem Ausdruck fusiforme“ bezeichnet. Wie man sehen wird, liegen die in Fig. 4 abgebildeten Kérperchen so zu sagen gerade dazwischen und entsprechen wahrscheinlich denen, die Wtr&En, (I. c. p. 389) einige sibirische rarispina-Formen betreffend, erwahnt. Es wird sich also schwierig — wenn nicht etwa unméglich zeigen, die Form dieser Kérperchen als entscheidendes Artkennzeichen zu benutzen. Noch mehr tiberzeugt hiervon wird man durch die naéhere Betrachtung des Aussehens dieser Kérperchen: Untersucht man sie bei starkerer Vergrésserung, kommt man namlich zu dem Ergebnis, dass die grossen Korper durch Hypertrophie von den kleinen, mikroskopischen Korperchen gebildet scheinen. Fig. 5 stellt ein kleines Stiick von einem Elytron eines H. imbricata dar, 125 mal vergréssert. Man sieht hier die kleinen mikroskopischen Kérperchen, dornenahnlich, mit einer stumpfen Spitze, ein wenig schief dreieckig im optischen Durchschnitt, gegen die Flache des Elytrons schrég gestellt. Zwar sieht man von ihrer Struktur nicht viel, doch findet man eine deutliche, recht dicke, homogen aus- sehende Hautschicht — méglicher Weise eine Cuticula um einen inneren Hohlraum, der mit einer structurlosen und farblosen Masse gefillt scheint, Zellen werden nicht unterschieden; und eine absolute Entschei- dung des Baues dieser Korperchen wird kaum zu erlangen sein ausser durch histologische Untersuchung von Schnittpraéparaten, aber hierzu wire ein in dieser Hinsicht konserviertes Material nodtig. Betrachten | wir einen der grésseren Korper, so sehen wir, dass dieser mit der- selben strukturlosen klaren Hautschicht bedeckt ist, wie die kleinen, mikroskopischen Korper, aber das innere sehen wir mit einer braun- lichen Masse gefiillt, die gegen das aussere des Kéorpers mit eigen- timlichen, schuppenformigen Flecken hervortritt. Diesen Bau sieht man iiberall bei den grésseren Kérpern, unangesehen welche Form diese im iibrigen haben. Betrachtet man nun die kleinen Kérper, so sieht man, dass einzelne von diesen, innerhalb der homogen aussehenden Haut- schicht, an der Spitze dunkelbraun werden, die dunkle Farbe breitet sich nach und nach abwarts gegen die Basis, tiber den Inhalt des ganzen Kérpers aus, wahrend dieser gleichzeitig die obenerwahnte gefleckte Zeich- nung, die bei den grésseren Kérpern zu sehen ist, zu zeigen anfingt; jetzt fangt der kleine Kérper zu wachsen an; er wird dick an der Spitze, nach und nach tranen- oder spindelférmig, oder er entwickelt sich zu einem langen, cylindrischen Pflock, wie bei H. rarispina. Auf Fig. 5 sind mehrere dieser Stadien zu sehen, und fallt einem erst mal das Geschilderte auf, so scheint es ganz ohne Zweifel, dass die grossen und
1898-1902. No. 15.] ANNULATA POLYCHAETA. 9
grisseren Knoten durch Hypertrophie von einzelnen kleinen, mikrosko- pischen Kérpern gebildet sind. Was diese Hypertrophie verursacht, ist natiirlich nicht leicht zu sagen, der Gedanke, das kénne etwas patolo- gisches, vielleicht parasitisches sein, hegt ja nahe; das ist darum interessant, da dann diese Knoten und Pflicke — wenn meine Auffassung die richtige ist — also wohl ohne systematische Bedeutung sein werden. Eine weitere Beobachtung, welche bei dieser Auffassung auch verstandlich wird, ist das ganz launenhafte Auftreten dieser erwahnten Kérper: Man trifft Individuen, denen sie ganzlich fehlen, man_ trifft Individuen mit einzelnen oder wenigen Kérpern zerstreut auf der Ober- fliche des Elytrons, und man trifft einen Teil dieser Oberfliche ganz dicht mit ihnen bes&et. Sie scheinen immer nahe am Rande des Ely- trons am dichtesten zu sitzen, und scheinen auf demjenigen Teil des Elytrons, der von dem vorangehenden gedeckt wird, gar nicht — oder wenigstens dusserst sparsam zu finden zu sein. Sind es Parasiten, die durch Invasion in die mikroskopischen Kérper dieselben zur Hyper- trophie bringen, so kann man sich ja sehr wohl denken, dass die verschie- dene Form der Geschwiire durch mehrfache Arten von einander nahe- stehender, parasitischer Formen verursacht ist. Aber deshalb brauchen die Wirttiere ja nicht von verschiedener Art zu sein. Soweit ich sehen kann, kénnen die Borsten auch nicht als konstante Artscharaktere zwischen H. imbricata und H. rarispina benutzt werden. Die Figg. 1a und 1b stellen zwei Bauchborsten desselben Individuums dar, dessen Elytron von Fig. 1 genommen wird. Wie man sehen wird, hat das eine (Fig. 1a) einen Zahn unter der Spitze, das andere keinen. Die etwas verschiedene Form riihrt von dem verschiedenen Platze, den die zwei Borsten in dem Paropodium gehabt haben, her: Die in Fig. 1b abgebildete Borste, deren dussere, breite Teil verhaltnismassig kirzer und scharfer abgesetzt von dem Schafte ist, hat ganz ventral gesessen, wahrend Fig. 1a eine Borste darstellt, die dem Riickenbund am nachsten gesessen hat. Die Fig. 2a und 2b entsprechen dem Riickenblatt, wovon ein Teil in Fig. 2 abgebildet ist, also eine Rarispina-Form mit spindel- formigen Kérpern. Keine der zwei Borsten ist wesentlich von denen in Fig. 1a und 1b abgebildeten verschieden; beide haben einen Zahn unter der Spitze, in Fig. 2a ist er sehr abgeniitzt, doch immer noch deutlich. Fig. 3a und 3b gehdren demselben Individuum an, welchem das Elytron, von dem ein Teil in Fig. 3 abgebildet ist, gehért. Auch diese variieren nicht nennenswert. Fig. 3b hat keinen Zahn unter der Spitze, aber wie wir gesehen haben, trifft man auch Borsten ohne Zahn bei typischen H. imbricata-Formen. Endlich stellen Figg. 4a und 4b
10 HJALMAR DITLEVSEN. [SEC. ARC. EXP. FRAM
Bauchborsten dar von einem Individuum, welches, wie aus Fig. 4 zu sehen ist, in Bezug auf das Verhaltnis der Kérper, eine Zwischen- form zwischen den typischen H. rarispina und H. imbricata bildet; auch diese Borsten zeigen ganz dieselbe Form. — Ich werde noch hinzu- fiigen, dass Moore (I. c. p. 269) meint, in der Stellung des vorderen Augenpaares ein fir H. rarispina charakteristisches Artkennzeichen gefunden zu haben. Er schreibt: ,The anterior pair of eyes is borne on the anterior face of prominently outstanding lobes, which give to the head a very characteristic form not shown in any of the published figures. These ocular lobes are situated slightly posterior to the middle of the head, which is very much narrower anterior than posterior of them“. Doch auch diesen Charakter finde ich nicht konstant. Erstens scheinen die erwahnten ,ocular lobes“ bei den verschiedenen Individuen an Grésse ziemlich viel zu variieren, ebenso wie die Stellung der Augen (des vorderen Augenpaares) auch nicht immer ganz dieselbe ist im Ver- haltmis zu diesen ,lobes“: Sie kénnen ganz dorsal sitzen, aber auch etwas gegen die Seite des Kopfes hin, ferner kénnen sie der Spitze des erwahnten Vorsprunges naher oder ferner sitzen, was vielleicht von den verschiedenen Zusammenziehungsverhaltnissen der verschiedenen Indi- viduen herriihren mag. Doch zuletzt finde ich ganz ahnliche Vorspriinge bei H. imbricata. Es wird somit meiner Ansicht nach kaum weiteres zu tun sein, als zuktinftig die zwei Formen H. rarispina (Sars) und Hf. imbricata (L.) unter dem Namen H. imbricata (L.) zu vereinen, indem H. rarispina kaum noch als Varietat zu behaupten sein wird.
Melznis Loveni Mern.
1865. Matmeren, ]. ¢. p. 78. 1883. Wirén, 1. c. p. 391.
Lokalitat:
Septbr. 19. 1900. Vor dem Verbannungstale 4—40 Mt. Septbr. 20. 1900. Géansefjord 6—40 Mt. Lehm und Steinchen.
Die vorliegenden Individuen sind typische Formen und stimmen genau mit der Beschreibung Matmeren’s tiberein, jedoch mit derselben Einschrankung, die Wirtn fir die typischen Exemplare der Vega- expedition anfihrt, namlich dass die 3 letzten Ringe von den Ricken-
platten unbedeckt sind. Das grdsste Exemplar hat eine Lange von 73 mm., das kleinste von c. 60 mm.
1898—1902. No. 15.] ANNULATA POLYCHAETA. 11
Sigalionide.
Pholoé minuta (Fasr.). 1865. Matmeren, }. c. p. 89.
Es hegt nur ein ganz kleines Individuum von etwa 5 mm. Lange vor; es ist im Aug. 26, 1898, erbeutet, ist aber mit keiner Lokalitat bezeichnet. Nach dem Zeitpunkt, wann es genommen ist, stammt es von einer Stelle in Smiths Sund, wahrscheinlich von Rice Strait oder da in der Nahe.
Phyllodocide.
Phyllodoce maculata (L.).
1865. Mazmeren, |. c. p. 94—98. 1883, Levinsen, 1. c. p. 48. Lokalitat: Aug. 1. 1900. Mindung des Grosstals 4—60 Mt. Juli 19. 1901. Gansefjord. Aug. 16. 1901. Gansefjord c. 15 Mt. Aug. 2. 1902. Ganz hinten im Gansefjord 2—4Mt. Lehm und Steinchen. Aug. 4. 1902. Gdénsefjord, Nérdlich von der Halbinsel 20—30 Mt.
Die vorliegenden Individuen sind durchgehend klein; das kleinste misst nur c. 60 mm. in der Lange. Eins davon zeigt recht sonderbare Verhiltnisse, namlich dasjenige von der Miindung des grossen Tales: es misst in der Linge 275 mm., und darf also sehr lang genannt werden ; und es zahlt c. 350 Segmente; der hintere Teil macht den Eindruck regeneriert zu sein, und die letzten Segmente hier sind schwierig genau zu zahlen; aber dieser Lange entspricht keine verhaltnissmassige Dicke, indem die Breite des Thieres nicht mehr als 4mm. misst. Sonst scheint nichts merkwirdiges an seinen Bau zu sein. Die Papillen des Rissels sind wie bei den itibrigen Individuen, in Bezug auf Form, Grésse und Arrangement; die Verhaltnisse des Parapodiums bieten auch nichts Merkwirdiges.
Eteone cylindrica Orst.
1843. Q@xrsrep: Grénl. Annulata dorsibrandriata, Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. p. 35. Lokalitat:
Juli 8. 1901. Renbucht. Juli 9. 1901. Renbucht.
12 HJALMAR DITLEVSEN. [SEC. ARC. EXP. FRAM
Anaitis Wahlbergi Mary.
1865. Marmeren |. ¢. A. kosteriensis p. 94. 1867. Matmeren! p. 20.
Lokalitat: Aug. 4 Ginsefjord.
Fir die auf Spitzbergen gefundenen Individuen dieser Art giebt Matmcren eine Linge von 70 mm,, eine Breite von 6 mm an. Er schreibt dartiber, dass es ,rarissime ad oras maxime boreales Spetsbergice“ gefunden wird. Wrren nennt eins von der Vegaexpedition aus dem Sibirischen Eismeere mitgebrachtes Exemplar, wie auch THEEL ein von dem Karameere mitgebrachtes erwahnt. Die zwei letzteren Verfasser machen keine Angaben der Grésse. Das Exemplar von dem Gansefjord ist 90 mm. Jang und 9 mm. breit. Es ist also bedeutend grésser als die von Spitzbergen, scheint aber im wbrigen nicht wesentlich von denen MatmGren’s abzuweichen; doch sind die Borsten etwas verschieden: Wiahrend deren Schaft bei der Figur Matmeren’s utberall fast gleich- miassig dick ist, zeigt sich bei dem Individuum von dem Gansefjord an dem oberen Ende eine sehr bedeutende Erweiterung die nach oben in mehrere, unregelmissige Spitzen ausgezogen ist. Auch scheint das End- blatt der Borsten verhaltnismissig linger bei dem von ,Fram“ mit- gebrachten Individuum (Figg. 6a und 6b). Im zoologischen Museum in Kopenhagen befindet sich ein Individuum aus dem Kattegat. Die Art scheint somit weit verbreitet zu sein. Das Exemplar aus dem Kattegat misst nur c. 80 mm. in der Lange.
Nepthyde. Nepthys ciliata (MULL.).
1865. Mameren |. ¢. p. 104.
Lokalitet: Aug. 2. 1901. Géansefjord.
Glyceride.
Glycera capitata Orsv.
1843. Orstep |. c. p. 196. Lokalitat: Juli 22, 1900. Winterhafen c. 60 Mt.
Aug. 3. 1900. Fosheim’s Peak und das Tal an der Westseite des Fjords 4—40 Mt. Aug. 4. 1900. Seewalzenspitze 20—50 Mt. Steinchen.
tA. S. Macuoren: Annulata polycheta Spetsbergie, Grénlandia, Islandie et Scandinavie hactenus congenita, Helsingforsize 1867.
1898— 1902, No. 15.] ANNULATA POLYCHAETA. 13
Lumbrinereidex.
Lumbrinereis fragilis Miu.
1867. Matmeren |. c. p. 63.
Lokalitit:
Juli 21. 1899. Winterhafen c. 16 Mt.
Juli 29. 1899. Winterhafen c. 12 Mt.
Aug. 3. 1900. Fosheim’s Peak und der Tal an der Westseite des Fjords 4—40 Mt.
Onuphide.
Onuphis conchylega Sars.
1867. Matmeren, 1. c. p. 66.
Lokalitat:
Juli 22. 1900. Winterhafen c. 60 Mt.
Juli 25. 1900. Winterhafen.
Juli 30. 1900. Miindung des grossen Tales.
Aug. 4 1900. Seewalzenspitze 20—25 Mt. Steinchen. Aug. 7. 1900. Ostkap 20—50 Mt.
Lycoride.
Nereis zonata MautmGRren.
1867. Maxmeren, |. c. p. 46.
Lokalitat:
Aug. 8. 1900. Winterhafen c. 20 Mt.
Septbr. 19. 1900. Vor dem Verbannungstale, 4—40 Mt.
Juli 8. 1901. Renbucht.
Juli 12. 1901. Bucht bei Landsend.
Juli 18. 1901. Miindung des Gansefjords.
Juli 19. 1902. North Devon; dem Zeltplatz gegentiber, 6—15 Mt.
Moglicherweise wird es sich zeigen, dass die zwei nahestehenden Formen, WN. pelagica L. und N. zonata Matmeren durch Zwischen- formen allmahlich in einander tibergehen: Hy. Tuten erwihnt (I. c. p. 42) ein Paar geschlechtlich umgebildete, epitoke Individuen, die mit Heteronereis assimilis und Heteronereis grandifolia Matmcren iibereinstimmen, und die nach Matmeren epitoke Formen von JN. pelagica L. sein sollten; da diese Art indessen an den Stellen, wovon Tuéet’s Individuen stam- men, ganz zu fehlen scheint, nimmt er an, dass die von ihm erbeuteten Exemplare epitoke Formen von N. zonata Mery. sind. Es sind unter den von ,Fram“ mitgebrachten Exemplaren des Geschlechtes Nereis keine epitoke Individuen, dagegen scheinen zwei von denen die, ich als
14 HJALMAR DITLEVSEN. [SEC. ARC. EXP. FRAM
N. zonata Mern. bestimmt habe, sich sehr der Form N. pelagica L. za nihern. Die hellen Bander der Ringe sind sehr undeutlich und die Parapodienlappchen sind recht stumpf und abgerundet. Die Verhaltnisse der Paragnathen zeigen keinen wesentlichen Unterschied von den iibrigen Individuen, sondern gerade in dieser Hinsich! stehen die zwei Arten einander sehr nahe. Da all die tbrigen Individuen indessen der Form NV. zonata Mern. gut genug entsprechen, und WN. pelagica L. in den Sammlungen ,Fram“s sonst ginzlich fehlt, habe ich auch diese zwei als N. zonata Mern. bestimmt. — Es scheint tibrigens eine Regel zu sein, dass die hellen Querbander der Ringe bei den jiingeren Individuen stirker hervortreten und bei den Alteren schwacher werden. Alle von ,Fram“ gesammelten Exemplare sind klein; dass grésste misst c. 75 mm. Die gréssten von THEeL erbeuteten Exemplare sind 125 mm. in der Lange.
Hesionide.
Castalia Fabricii Merv. 1867. Matmeren, |. c. 32. C. arctica. 1878. Tuten, 1. ¢. p. 37.
Lokalitat:
Aug. 26. 1898. Rice strait.
Juli 21. 1899. Winterhafen c. 16 Mt.
Juli 29. 1899. Winterhafen c. 12 Mt.
Aug. 3. 1900. Fosheim’s Peak und das Tal an der Westseite des Fjords 4—40 Mt.
Juli 19. 1902. North Devon; vor dem Zeltplatz 6—14 Mt.
Syllidz.
Syllis Fabricii Mern.
1867, Ma.meren, I. c. p. 44.
Lokalitat: Juli 8 1901. Renbucht.
Syllis fasciata Mern.
1867. Maxmeren, |. ¢. p. 43.
Lokalitat: Juli 8. 1901. Renbucht.
Syilis monilicornis Merv.
1867. Matmersn, 1. c. p. 41. Lokalitat: Juni 28, 1901. Mundung des Walross-Fjord.
1898—1902. No. 15.] ANNULATA POLYCHAETA. 15
Spherodoride. Ephesia gracilis Ratuxe.
Ratuxe: Beitrage z. Fauna Norwegens (Nova Acta Natur. Curios. XX. 1.) Lokalitat: Juli 8. 1901. Renbucht.
Spionidex.
Polydora ciliata Jounst. 1867. Matmeren, 1. c¢. p. 95. Lokalitat: Juli 8. 1901. Renbucht.
Crrratulidz.
Cirratalus cirratus Mutu. 1867. Matmeren, I. c. p. 95.
Lokalitat:
Juli 9. 1901. Renbucht.
Juli 12. 1901. Bucht bei-Landsend.
Aug. 30. 1901. Gansefjord, c. 8 Mt. Lehm und Steinchen. Juli 19. 1902. North Devon; von dem Zeltplatz, 6—14 Mt.
Chetozone setosa Morn.
1867. Matmcren, |. c. p. 96. 1878. Tueet, J. c. p. 54.
Lokalitat: Juli 22, 1899. Winterhafen. Pelagisch.
Ariciide. Aricia armiger (MUit1.). 1867. Maxmeren, | c. p. 72.
Lokalitat: Aug. 26. 1898. Rice strait.
Opheliide. Ammotrypane aulogaster RaTHKE.
1867. Matmeren, |. ec. p. 73.
Lokalitat: Juli 8. 1901. Renbucht. é
16 HJALMAR DITLEVSEN. [SEC. ARC, EXP. FRAM
Chloreemide.
Brada granulata Mery.
1867. Macmerey, |. ¢. p. 85.
Lokalitat: Juli 22. 1900. Winterhafen.
Flabelligera affinis Sars.
1867. Marmeren, I. c. p. 83.
Lokalitat: Septbr.20. 1900. Giéinsefjord, 4-40 Mt. Lehm und Steinchen. Juli 9. 1901. Renbucht. Juli 12. 1901. Bucht bei Landsend. Aug. 2 1901. Giéinsefjord. Bis 40 Mt.
Fast alle von ,Fram“ mitgebrachten Individuen sind recht gross; einige haben eine Lange von c. 80 mm. Diese Wiirmer leben oft massen- haft zusammen, und man kann bisweilen, wo dies der Fall ist, tatsach- lich das Schabeisen damit gefiillt bekommen. Ich habe etwas dergleichen an der zool. Station ,,Kristineberg* in Schweden im Sommer 1905 gesehen. — Von den vorliegenden Individuen sind 20 demselben Ort ent- nommen.
Trophonia plumosa Mutu.
1867. Matmeren, I. c. p. 82.
Lokalitat: Juli 8 1901. Renbucht.
Amphicthenide.
Pectinaria hyperborea Mern.
1865. Matmersn, l. ec. p. 360.
Lokalitat: Aug. 1. 1900. Mindung des grossen Tales.
Ampharetide.
Samytha sexcirrata Sars.
1865. Matmeren, |. c. p. 370. 7
Lokalitiat: Aug. 2. 1901. Giinsefjord.
1898—1902. No. 15.] ANNULATA POLYCHAETA. 17
Terebellidz.
Terebellides Stromi Sars.
1865. Ma.meren, |. c. i 398.
Lokalitat: ‘ Aug. 2, 1901. Ganz hinten in dem Gansefjord. Lehm und Steinchen.
Axionice flexuosa (Gr.).
1865. Ma.meren, I. c. p. 384 Lokalitat: Aug. 24. 1898. Rice strait.
Juli 21. 1899. Winterhafen c. 16 Mt. Juli 9. 1901. Renbucht.
Bei dem gréssten Exemplar, dessen Tentakeln aus der Miindung hervorragen, misst die Réhre c. 53 mm., und die Grisse ist — da die unterste Spitze der Réhre abgebrochen, und es deshalb nicht zu unter- scheiden ist, wie viel von dieser fehlt — wohl etwa, wie Matmcren als Maximalgrésse angibt, 55 mm., vielleicht etwas mehr. Die tbrigen Exemplare sind etwas kleiner.
Pista cristata (MULL).
1865. Maumersrn, |. ¢. p. 382. Lokalitat: Septbr. 19. 1900. Vor dem Verbannungstale, 4—40 Mt.
Scione lobata Meru.
1865. Mazmeren, |. c. p. 383.
Lokalitat: Juli 92. 1900. Winterhafen c. 60 Mt. Aug. 4, 1900. Seewalzenspitze, 30—50 Mt. Steinchen. Septbr. 19. 1900. Vor dem Verbannungstale, 4—40 Mt. Juli 5. 1901. Der Sund. Juli 8. 1901. Renbucht. Juli 9. 1901. Renbucht. Juli 19. 1901. Géansefjord. Aug. 2. 1901. Ganz hinten in dem Gansefjord, 2—4 Mt.
Dieser Wurm ist offenbar einer der am haufigsten vorkommenden Arten in den von ,Fram“ besuchten Gegenden. Es liegen eine Menge von Exemplaren vor, und mehrere Glaser sind mit dessen Rohrchen gefullt. Diese bestehen, die kleineren Individuen betreffend, aus For- aminiferen und Steinchen, die grésseren betreffend, aus etwas gro-
berem Material, mit Schlamm vermischt. Wahrscheinlich richtet sich 2
18 HJALMAR DITLEVSEN. |SEC. ARC. EXP. FRAM
jedoch der Bau des Rohrehens wesentlich nach der Beschaffenheit des Bodens. Ein Individuum hat, im Gegensatz zu den dbrigen, sein Rohrehen aus ziemlich feinem Sand gebaut, und dasselbe fast in seiner
ganzen Linge an einer Laminaria geheftet.
Thelepus circinnatus (FasR.).
1865. Maumcren, 1. c. p. 387.
Lokalitat: Juni 29. 1901. Vor dem Zeltplatz. Juli 8. 1901. Die Renbucht. Juli 9. 1901. Die Renbucht. Juli 12. 1901. Bucht bei Landsend. Juli 19, 1902. Vor dem Zeltplatz North Devon, 6—14 Mt.
Diese Art ist ebenso wie die vorhergehende in einer Menge von Exemplaren erbeutet, und die Réhrchen sind im hohen Grade denen der Scione ahnlich, vielleicht aus etwas gréberem Material gebaut.
Amphitrite cirrata Mit.
1865. Matmeren, |. c. p. 375.
Lokalitat: Juli 2. 1899. Winterhafen c. 12 Mt.
Nicolea zostericola (Orst.).
1865. Matmeren, |. ¢. p. 381.
Lokalitat: Aug. 18. 1898. Camp Clay, Cap Sabine, 4—10 Mt.
Juli 19, 1902. Vor dem Zeltplatz, North Devon, 6—40 Mt. Leena abranchiata Mern.
1865. Matnenen, |}. c. p. 385.
Lokalita&t: Juli 7. 1899. Winterhafen c. 12 Mt.
Sahbellidex.
Sabella Fabricii Br.
1865. Marmeren, |. c. p. 899. Sabella Spitsbergensis.
Lokalitat- Septbr. 19. 1900. Vor dem Verbannungstale, 4—40 Mt.
1898 — 1902. No. 15.] ANNULATA POLYCHAETA, 19
Euchone papillosa Sars.
1865, Macmeren, |, c. p. 407. Lokalitit: Juli 21. 1899. Winterhafen c. 12 Mt.
Ein Fragment einer Huchone, auf c. 30 Mt., im Winterhafen 8. 8. 1900 genommen, hat nicht naéher bestimmt werden kénnen.
Chone lufandibuliformis Kr.
1865. Maumeren, |. c. p. 404.
Lokalitat:
Juli 28, 1901. Die Mindung des Walrossfjords. Juli 18. 1901. Die Mindung des Giinsefjords. Juli 19. 1901. Der Gansefjord.
’
Dasychone infarcta (Kr).
1865. Maumeren, |. c. p. 403.
Lokalitat: : Septbr. 20. 1900. Der Gansefjord, 4-40 Mt. Lehm und Steinchen.
Die ersten Worte, die sowohl Sars als auch Maumeren in ihrer Geschlechtsdiagnose tiber die Dasychone brauchen, namlich: ,,Corpus crassum“ — Kroyer hat sogar ,crassissima“ — passen nicht auf die vou »Fram“ mitgebrachten Individuen dieses Geschlechtes. Wenn nicht be- sonders schlank ist er doch auf der anderen Seite so langgestrecht, dass das genannte Adjektiv gar nicht bezeichnend ist. Ein aus dem Rohr- chen herausgenommenes Exp]. misst somit c. 115 mm. in der Lange, wahrend die Breite nur c. 8mm. ist. Die Linge des Thieres enthilt also die Breite 14—15 mal, waéhrend Matmcren fiir die von ibm an- gefihrten Exemplare desselben Geschlechls, D. infarcta und D. argus das Verhaltnis zwischen Lange und Breite wie 1 zu 4,5 angibt. Da die vorliegenden Individuen tbrigens in allen Beziehungen typische Dasychone sind, trage ich keine Bedenken, sie zu diesem Geschlecht hinzufuhren.
Das Rohrchen (Fig. 7), aus sehr feinem, dunkel chokoladegefarbtem Schlamm gebildet, ist ein Stick langer als das Tierchen. Derjenige Teil, der nicht mit diesem ausgefillt ist, ist bei Spiritusexemplaren zusammcn- gefallen und umgebogen; dieser ist indessen, wie auch der iibrige Teil, nicht schlaff, sondern — wie man gewohnlich bei den Sabelliden sieht — von einer recht festen Konsistenz, fast lederartig oder hart mem-
20 HJALMAR DITLEVSEN. [SEC. ARC. EXP. FRAM
branés, was durch den, aus der Haut des Tieres ausgeschiedenen die Lehmpartikeln verbindenden Stoff, verursacht ist. Es scheint mir, indessen ohne Zweifel, dass das Réhrchen in dieser Beziehung bei den lebenden Tieren anders gewesen sein muss; es ware absurd anzu- nehmen, dass das Tier seinem Aufenthaltsort eine solche unbrauch- bare, zusammengeklappte, unregelmassig umgebogene Partie anbauen wirde, in welche es kaum mit seiner ganzen Kraft seinen weichen Kérper wirde hineinpressen kénnen; das ganze Réohrchen muss weich gewesen sein — jedenfalls bedeutend weicher als jetzt, nach der Konservierung — und das Tier sich auf und ab oder hin und her in der ganzen Lange des Rohrchens haben bewegen kénnen, und die Hartung muss somit nach dem Tode des Tieres eingetreten, und wahr- scheinlich durch den Alkohol verursacht sein. Ein anderes Verhaltnis zeigt auch daraufhin: Bei Tieren, die in dem Réhrchen gestorben sind, und die sich in dasselbe hineingezogen haben, klebt dies so an dem Kérper des Tieres, dass es ganz unmidglich ist, es von demselben zu lésen. Wenn man das Rohrchen mit ein Paar Nadeln stiickweise weg- prapariert, kommt das Tier zum Vorschein, mit einer hellgelben, glatten, recht harten, firnisartigen Schicht itiberzogen, die nicht auf mechanischem Wege wegzubringen ist; die Parapodien legen darunter, dem Korper des Tieres dicht angepresst, die Ringteilung ist nur undeutlich zu unter- scheiden, und nur die schwarzen Pigmentfleckchen zwischen den Para- podien treten einigermassen scharf hervor an der Seite des Tieres. So war das Verhiltnis bei dem Fig. 7a abgebildeten Individuum. Auf zwei Stellen zeigt es sich deutlich, dass es sich so verhalt, namlich an dem Hinterteil des Tieres, welcher offenbar nicht an dem Réhrchen geklebt hat, und an einer grésseren Partie auf der einen Seite des Tieres, wo eine Hihlung zwischen dem Kérper des Tieres und dem Réhrchen sich vorfand. Alle 5 Individuen dieser Art sind leider in dieser Weise in ihren Réhrehen festgeleimt, und ich habe nur eins in der vorherbeschriebenen Weise herausgenommen. Dass dies Verhaltnis die genaue Untersuchung des Tieres hindert, ist selbstverstindlich, und es ware zu wiinschen, dass die Zoologen, die in der Zukumft Gelegenheit haben werden Sabelliden einzufangen — denn dies gilt wohl den meisten hierhergehérenden Formen — dafiir sorgen wiirden, wenigstens einige Individuen aus den Rédhrchen zu nehmen, wahrend die Tiere noch am Leben sind. Dass sie in solchem Falle sich nicht mit einer solchen firnisartigen Schicht umgeben, sieht man bei Sabelliden, die frei in dem Alkohol liegen, und die sich also jedenfalls vor dem Tode selbst aus dem Réhrchen herausgearbeitet haben.
1898—1902. No. 15.| ANNULATA POLYCHAETA. 91
Wie wir sehen werden, zeigen ,Fram“s Exemplaren sich in keiner nennenswerten Beziehung von der typischen Dasychone infarcta Kr, verschieden, die aussere Form ausgenommen, und auf dieser allein kann ich mit einiger Wahrscheinlichkeit keine neue Art griinden.
Das aus dem Rohrchen herausgenommene Individuum (Fig. 7a) ist c. 115 mm. lang und c. 8 mm. breit; es ist leicht dorsi-ventral zusammen- gedriickt mit elliptischem Durchschnitt; das Hinterteil des Tieres ist dorsal aufgebogen, sodass es mit dem ubrigen Koérper des Tieres fast einen rechten Winkel bildet. Die Kiemen, die c. 28 mm. in der Linge messen, sind unten durch eine Haut verbunden, und ihre zusammen- gewachsene Basis ist von jeder Seite spiralfoérmig eingerollt; man zahit auf jeder Seite c. 40. Die einzelnen Kiemenstimme haben dunkle rot- liche Querbainder unter den paarweise gestellten, dorsalen Anhangen; diese sind linglich elliptisch mit schmaler Basis und stumpf abgerundeter Spitze (Fig. 7). Die fadenférmigen Kiemenstrahlen reichen ungefahr bis zur Spitze des Kiemenstammes (Fig. 7b). Der Halskragen hat einen ventralen und auf jeder Seite einen lateralen Einschnitt. Auf der Riickenseite geht er abwirts mit einem abgerundeten Lappchen auf jeder Seite, welches so mit dem Kérper des Tieres zusammengewachsen ist, dass die rechte und linke Seite des Kragens durch eine breite, offene Partie getrennt werden. Die beiden Tentakeln, die auf jeder Seite zwischen den Spiralen der Kiemenkrone versteckt liegen, sind stark zugespitzt, messerférmig mit scharfer Schneide. Das Tier besteht aus einer sehr grossen Anzahl von Ringen; der vorderste Teil zahlt 8 haar- borstentragende Riickenparapodien, 7 hackenborstentragende Bauchpara- podien, indem der erste Ring nur Riickenborsten trigt. Die Ricken- borsten, die alle gleichartig sind, haben einseitige, gestreifte Verbramung und weit ausgezogene feine Spitze (Figg. 7e und 7f). Die Bauch- borsten, die vogelformig sind (Figg. 7 g und 7h), sind im Vorder- und Hinterteil des Tieres ein wenig verschieden geformt. Zwischen den Racken- und Bauchparapodien findet man fast in der ganzen Lange des Tieres deutliche, schwarze Pigmentflecke. Bei starkerer Lupe-Ver- grésserung zeigt sich jeder aus einer kleinen Gruppe schwarzer Pinkt- chen hestehend (Fig. 7 d).
Ausser den von dem Gansefjord erwahnten Individuen, findet sich das Vorderteil von einem, leider nur mit den fiinf ersten Parapodien; es ist in der Renbucht genommen. An diesem kleinen Bruchstiick sieht man indessen, dass das Tier wenigstens mit dem Vorderteile aus dem Rohrchen herausgekrochen ist, denn die Parapodien stehen hier frei heraus, und es ist nichts von der glanzenden, gelben, firnisartigen
22 HJALMAR DITLEVSEN. [SEC. ARC. EXP. FRAM
Schicht zu entdecken wie sonst bei den tbrigen von dem Gansefjord stammenden Individuen. An diesem Bruchstiick von der Renbucht sind die zwei ventralen Lippchen des Halskragens nach unten gebogen, was nicht der Fall ist bet dem aus dem Réhrchen herausgenommenen Indi- vid von dem Gansefjord, ein Faktum, welches zeigt, dass dies Verhaltnis als Geschlechts- oder Artscharakter keinen Wert hat. Wahrscheinlich kénnen die Tiere die Lappchen ganz nach Belieben umbiegen oder sie ausbreiten; und wahrscheinlich ist es vielleicht, dass das Tier, wenn es sich in das Rohrchen hineinzieht, sie ausbreitet. Diese Vorgang der Ventrallippchen des Kragens ist von Wrren (I. c. p. 422) erwahnt.
Serpulide.
Spirorbis verruca Fasr.
1883, Levinsen, |. c. p. 208, Tab. H, Fig. 8h—j; Tab. HI, Fig. 2—3. Lokalitat:
Juli 24, 1899, Einige Individuen an der Siidspitze des Pern-Island mit Hand- Schabeisen genommen.
Spirorbis spirillum L.
1883. Levinsen, |. c. p. 211, Tab. H, Fig. 8k; Tab. IH, Fig 14—16. Lokalitiat: Aug. 5. 1898. Upernivik, 20-26 Mt. Aug. 16. 1898. Foulkefjord, Reindeerpoint, 4-20 Mt. Aug. 30. 190l. Der Géansefjord. Juli 15. 1902. Vor dem Meerrossfelsen, North Devon. Boden steinig mit Laminarien.
1898—1902. No. 15.] ANNULATA POLYCHAETA. 93
Erklarung der Abbildungen.
Fig. 1. Harmothoé imbricata (L.). Elytron. Zeiss a, Oc. 2. — a. und b. Bauchborsten desselben Tieres. Zeiss C. Oc. 3. Fig. 2. Harmothoé rarispina Sars. Teil eines Elytrons. Zeiss a, Oc. 2. = a. und b. Bauchborsten desselben Tieres. Zeiss A. Oc. 3. Fig. 3. Harmothoé rarispina Sars, Teil eines Elytrons. Zeiss a, Ce. 2. — a.und b. Bauchborsten desselben Tieres. Zeiss A. Oc. 3. Fig. 4. Zwischenform zwischen H. imbricata (L.) und H. rarispina Sars. Teil des Elytrons. Zeiss A. Oc. 2. a. und b. Bauchborsten desselben Tieres. Zeiss C. Oc. 3. Fig. 5. Harmothoé imbricata L. Teil eines Elytrons. Zeiss C. Oc. 2. Fig. 6. a. und b, Anaitis Wahlbergi Mern. Haarborsten _ a. Zeiss C. Oc. 2. — b. Zeiss E. Oc 2 Fig 7. Dasychone infarcta (Kr). Tier im Réhrchen eingezogen. Tier aus dem Rohrchen herausprapariert. Die Spitze einer Kieme. Zeiss a, Oc 2. Mittlere Teil einer Kieme, Loupenvergr. Einige Ringe des hintersten Teils des Tieres, die Pigmentfleckchen zeigend. Haarborste des achten Parapodiums. Zeiss C. Oc. 2 Haarborste eines der hintersten Parapodien. Zeiss C. Oc. 2. Hackenborste des zweiten Parapodiums. Zeiss E. Oc. 2. Hackenborste eines der hintersten Parapodien. Zeiss E. Oc. 2.
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REPORT OF THE SECOND NORWEGIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION IN THE “FRAM” 1898—1902. No. 16.
H. G. SIMMONS:
A REVISED LIST
OF THE
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS
OF
NORTH WESTERN GREENLAND
WITH SOME SHORT NOTES ABOUT THE AFFINITIES OF THE FLORA
(WITH ONE MAP IN THE TEXT)
AT THE EXPENSE OF THE FRIDTJOF NANSEN FUND FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
PUBLISHED BY
VIDENSKABS-SELSKABETIKRISTIANIA
(THE SOCIETY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES OF KRISTIANIA)
COC:
KRISTIANIA PRINTED BY A. W. BROGGER 1909
Introduction.
Rou all the arctic lands, Greenland is by far the largest, extending from Cape Farewell, in lat. 59°46’, to Cape Morris Jesup, lat. 83° 39’, and Cape Bridgeman, in lat. 83°35’, and from Cape Alexander, in long. W. fr. Gr. 75° 30’, to the east coast of Shannon Island, in long. W. 17°30’. Its area may very roughly be reckoned as 600,000 square miles. From a botanical point of view, however, only a comparatively small part of its wide expanse is of any interest, the whole interior being covered up by the inland ice, the widest ice sheet of the Northern Hemisphere, which sends out numerous arms of different size to the coast, thus separating the habitable land into many parts, that may, however, be naturally grouped as follows:
Danish West Greenland, from Cape Farewell up to the southern side of Melville Bay about lat. 74°. In the south, it is not sharply defined from the coastland of the east coast, but to the north it is separated from the land beyond Melville Bay by the many and mighty glaciers that, except for some coast mountains and nunataks, alone surround the interior of the bay, forming a very natural and well- defined demarcation-line between the southern and northern coast districts with their, in many respects, different floras and types of vegetation.
North Western Greenland, beginning at the north side of Melville Bay in about lat. 76° and stretching up to the northernmost point, where it merges into the east coast, may be looked upon as being formed of two differents parts, the southern or Smith Sound region up to about lat. 79°, and the northern, from about 80° northwards. The boundary between them is formed by the enormous Humboldt Glacier, forming the coast-line for nearly one degree of latitude — a barrier which is not easily surmounted by any plant migration.
Eastern Greenland is not so easily separated into natural divisions.
A tolerably well defined line, however, may be drawn about lat. 73°30’, 1
4 H. G. SIMMONS. |SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
at Cape Hold with Hope, south of which the great fjord district begins, stretching to the south side of Scoresby Sound (about lat. 70°) and showing a climate and other natural conditions that make it little apt to be drawn into comparison with North-Western Greenland. I shall not here enter further upon the question about the possibilities of distin- guishing phyto-geographical subdivions of this coast-land, but will only mention that when in the following pages, I speak of North-Eastern | Greenland, I draw the southern boundary at Cape Dalton in 69° 25’, where the comparatively well-examined area of Scoresby Sound ends and a coast-strech with many great glaciers begins.
Of these different parts of Greenland, the first mentioned is by far the best surveyed in botanical as well as in other respects. The Danish colonization, now of nearly two hundred years’ standing, has made it more easily accessible, many of the officials of the colonies have materially contributed to our knowledge about it, and the Danish Govern- ment has encouraged and supported the scientific exploration of its colonial districts in many ways, so as to make that district the best known of all the arctic lands. The other parts of the country have been explored only by casual expeditions, many of them even lacking members qualified for careful and reliable scientific work; long stretches of the coast have never been visited, at least not during the favorable season and therefore they still form a veritable terra incognita so far as their natural conditions are concerned.
This also is the case with North-Western Greenland, notwithstand- ing the many expeditions that have visited at least some parts of it. I am now going to give a sketch of the nature of this region, so far as it may be compiled from the works of the different explorers; but first I will give a historical summary of the expeditions which have contributed to our present knowledge about Greenland north of Mel- ville Bay.
The first European who sighted the land north of that wide bay was WituiaM Barrin', who in 1616 navigated up through the great inland sea now bearing his name. After passing Melville Bay by the “middle passage” as the whalers have since termed it, he entered the “North water” which led him up to Smith Sound. His northernmost
I now leave quite out of consideration the very problematic voyages of the first scandinavian colonists of Greenland who are thought to have gone beyond Melville Bay. Some passages in the chronicles of the Greenland colonies point indeed to their having visited the “North water” but they certainly did not pass Smith Sound, and their discoveries were at all events lost.
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point was at lat. 77° 45’, from whence he sighted the entrance to Ingle- field Gulf (Whale Sound) with Hakluyt Island, Smith Sound, the Carey Islands and some points on the Greenland coast, which were named by him, as well as Ellesmereland on the west side.
For fully two hundred years after Barrin’s voyage none, except perhaps some dutch whalers, entered the upper part of Baffin’s Bay and it was even erased from the maps; but in 1818 the English Govern- ment sent out an expedition under the command of Joun Ross, who verified the discoveries of Barrin and sailed up Smith Sound as far as to within sight of Cape Alexander. Ross also effected the first landing here, on Bushnan Island and, later, at Cape York and other points.
In 1849—50 the transport ship North Star, under the command of Saunpers, wintered in North Star Bay in Wolstenholme Sound, where, however, no exploration of any extent was undertaken.
The next visitor was E. A. INGLEeriIELD, who, in the summer of 1852, made a cruise up to Smith Sound in search of Sir Joun FRanK.in. He landed at several places; among others he carefully examined Wolstenholme Sound, entered Granville Bay and, following the shore, came to a small inlet, evidently Burdin Bay, where an Eskimo village was visited. Further, he ascertained the position of the islands at the mouth of what we now call Inglefield Gulf and, passing Cape Alexander, obtained a view through Smith Sound into what is now termed Kane Basin, naming several points on both coasts. In lat. 78° 28’ he turned back because of unfavorable ice-conditions.
Already in the following year, an american expedition came up through Smith Sound, commanded by ExisHa Kent Kane. He was able to round Cairn Point at the northern entrance of the Sound and, proceeding along the coast, he took up his winter quarters in Rensselaer Bay. From thence he examined not only the shore up to the Hum- boldt Glacier, but also sent forward sledging expeditions. His mate Morton and the Greenlander Hans Henprix were thus the first who visited what Kane called Washington Land, that is to say, the Green- land coast from the Humboldt Glacier northwards to the southern part of the Kennedy Channel. Kane’s expedition, which lasted two years, brougt home some rather valuable information about these regions, be- sides mapping a long stretch of coast-line.
The next explorer was again an american, J. J. Hayes, who in 1860—61 wintered in Port koulke and examined the adjoining region
besides making journeys to the western side.
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Then came in 1871 Cuartes Francis Haut in the “Polaris”, who, finding the ice conditions unusually good, sailed up to the northern ex- tremity of the Robson Channel, where the Greenland coast begins to trend more eastward. A long stretch of coast was made known by this expedition, which was soon followed by the english government expedition under the command of G. S. Nares, who, in 1875, went along the route of the Polaris up to the northern part of Robson Channel. Indeed, most of the explorations carried out by this expedition fell on the west side of the channels; but it has also contributed to our know- ledge of the Greenland coast along them as well as to the north, where Beaumont reached lat. 82° 25’.
After the lapse of a few years, the northern parts of Greenland were again visited by an exploring party of an expedition, which had its principal field of work in Grinnelland. Lieutenant Locxwoop, of the GrEELY-expedition, then made a sledge journey along the Greenland coast, from which he was able to state that it extended to lat. 83° 35’, a little south of which Locxwoop turned in May 1882.
Some other expeditions have contributed to the knowledge of these parts of Greenland, or have at least visited them on the way to other fields of work. I may mention among them the english Franklin Search expedition under Penny in 1850; the swedish expedition in the Sofia in 1883; the ill-fated expedition of Bsérure in 1893 which, after visiting the Carey Islands and the Greenland coast, proceeded up to Southern Ellesmereland never to be seen again; the Fram expedition in which | myself took part, which visited Foulke Fjord in 1898 and 1899; and the Danish literary expedition under the late Mr. Mytius Ericusen, who has since succumbed to the hardships of another expedition.
A wide field of work in the northern parts of Greenlands is that — which has been covered by R. E. Peary in his different voyages be- tween 1891 and 1906. He has also had an opportunity of stating that Greenland does not extend as far as, or beyond, the Pole, as has for- merly been believed, but that it ends at lat. 83° 39’. It is only to be regretted that so indefatigable an explorer should not have shown more interest in the different fields of scientific investigation, that could have yielded so rich a harvest and that would have given a far greater value to his voyages. Some important work is, however, done both by mem- bers of his own expeditions and of the auxiliary parties which have been sent up year after year.
Before I pass on to the special botanic information due to the different expeditions, I will try to give a summary account of the phys-
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ical geography of the region in question. A first look at the map of N. W. Greenland shows that most parts of it are typical fjord-lands. There are exceptions to this in the shore of Melville Bay, and along the Kane Basin and Kennedy Channel, all of which are less indented. Most parts of the coast are high and bold, either forming a tableland falling abruptly down to the shore, or broken up by deep valleys. Many favo- rable localities for the development of a thriving vegetation are thus formed; and in many places the richness of bird-life also helps to make the soil favorable for plant-life. The rich green of the manured soil in and below the rookeries of auks and other sea-birds, makes them dis- cernible from afar. Doubtless, therefore, the arms of the larger fjords also, — especially Inglefield Gulf — where the climate is less severe than along the outer coast, where the cliffs form breedingplaces for in- numerable birds, and where valleys of considerable extent trend inland are by far the richest in number of species as well as in density of vegetation, whereas the open coast is comparatively poor. Along the shore of Melville Bay, where every valley is filled by a glacier, there is of course space for very little vegetation. Further northwards come the richest districts, Wolstenholme Sound, Inglefield Gulf and Foulke Fjord with their adjacent ice-free land. Now, indeed, this ice-free coast land is continued by a fairly broad stretch along the Kane Basin to the Humboldt Glacier; and to the north there occurs a still broader expanse of ice-free land, but very few plants are known from these parts. How- ever, | am inclined to think that, for instance, the slopes and table-lands along the Kennedy Channel might be apt to contain a rather well-deve- loped vegetation. It must, however, be borne in mind, that these regi- ons are far less accurately investigated than the southern coast parts. Only one of the expeditions which have been there has had a member specially acting as botanist; and, apart from the wintering of the Polaris at Thank God Harbour, only casual visits have been made to the north- ern parts of the North-Western Greenland coast, mostly during the un- favorable season. ~
Another point always to be borne in mind is the diversity of the geological nature of the different parts of the coast-line. About this there is, however, very little known, as most expeditions have had no members able either to recognize the rocks belonging to different geolog- ical systems, or to determine fossils; and, in most cases, no collections seem to have been made. Yet some indications are to be found, especially in De Rance and Fempen, Appendix 15, Geology, in Nares, Narrative. Naruorst, N. W. Gronl., also mentions that at Ivsugigsok the
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rocks were formed of gneiss and micaslate with veins of quarts which, according to him, forms generally in arctic lands a poor soil for the development of vegetation. Indeed, my own experience from Ellesmere- land is quite different; the regions with an underground of primary rock there being by far the richest in density of vegetation and number of species. Now this seems principally due to the stability of the rock, which, as being less easily attacked by the frost, gives a less changing surface; the débris of other strata may form a richer soil if it is only preserved long enough to be come clad with vegetation. A soil formed of débris, for instance of Silurian limestone, but resting on Archaean rock, is probably the most favorable; and the richness of the Foulke Fjord flora mentioned in the following, may perhaps be partly due to such a combination in the geological nature of the place.
From Cape York the Archaean rocks may be followed northwards at least to Littleton Island, forming the basement of the mountains along the outer coast and also the upper parts of some of them. According to De Rance and Fempen, lower Silurian (Cambrian?) strata of grit and conglomerate appear between Wolstenholme and Whale Sounds, and in Foulke Fjord there rest upon a basement of gneiss, thick layers of Ter- tiary, probably Miocene, sandstone and conglomerate overlaid by basalt. As far as could be judged from a distance, the architecture of Cape Alexander is the same as in Foulke Fjord, and probably the same geo- logical structure continues further north as far as to the great gap in the coast filled by the Humboldt Glacier. North of the great glacier appear Silurian strata, mostly limestone, through Washington Land to Peter- mann Fjord, and from Hall Land northwards the coast, according to the last-mentioned authors, is built up of older, azoic rocks (Algonkian ?).
The loose deposits, resting on the rock basement, are principally of three kinds: — either débris fallen from the cliffs, or washed down dur- ing the melting of the snow, or formed under the surface of the sea and afterwards raised to their present position. This upheaval of the land has evidently taken place at a rather late period, as may be seen from the well-preserved organic remains found at various heights above the present shore-line. Indeed the observations concerning these pheno- mena, are mostly made on the other side of the Channels, but the same feature is also prevalent in North-Western Greenland. Raised beaches and deposits containing marine shells and other remains proving their origin on the sea bottom, play a very important part in the formation of the loose soil of these regions,
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So far as can be gathered from the literature at present available, there are hardly any deposits of an extent worth noting, that are due to glacial action in former times. Indeed, there are very few indications from which an opinion may be formed, especially concerning the north- ern parts of our area; but I think I may be allowed to conclude from them, that the same holds true for this region as Scuer says in his Prel. Rep. Geol., p. 9, about Ellesmereland: “there are no materials lying on those parts of the country that are not now glaciated that could, with any probability, be considered to result from the action of glaciers.”
Indeed, the map showing the extent of glaciation in America, which accompanies chapter XLI in Grrxre, The Great Ice Age, Ed. 3, gives the north-western part of the land a complete covering of ice. I am at a loss to understand why the author of that chapter, Professor T. C. CHam- BERLIN, has presumed that the inland ice has reached so far, the more so as he has not drawn the entire Arctic Archipelago ice-covered, as it is in older maps. It would, of course, be of no small interest to know if such an ice sheet ever existed, as then every species of the present flora must have immigrated in post-glacial time. I am most inclined to think, indeed, that hardly any higher plants have lived there during the maximum of glaciation, but still I look upon the existence of ice- free land as probable, even if perhaps much larger glaciers have pro- truded into the fjords. The geological map of Dawson gives no enlight- enment about the existence of glacial deposits, and no geological explor- ation has been made north of Smith Sound since the time of the Nares expedition.
About the present extension of the ice-sheet also, there are different statements. The new danish map shows in several points the ice-border further west than, for instance, it is shown in the english Admiralty Chart and the maps from which that is compiled. In all probability, how- ever, the ice-free land in most parts of N. W. Greenland is rather broad, and consequently affords room for the development of vegetation inland also. As to the approximate extent of the ice-free, habitable land, it is, of course, impossible to form an opinion at present.
Another factor of great importance is to be found in the climate of the region and especially in the amount of yearly precipitation. Con- cerning this, however, there is but little to be found in the existing literature. The results obtained in the adjacent Ellesmereland by the expeditions of Nares, GreeLy and ourselves may, however, together with what is to be found in the publications about the voyages of Kane, Haves and Hatt, enable us to form the conclusion that the amount of
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precipitation is very small indeed, probably not much above 100 mm. in most parts, perhaps somewhat greater in the southern part, where the open “north water’ is always to be found some miles from the coast, perhaps also locally here and there along the Kennedy and Rob- son Channels. The same circumstances consequently prevail here as throughout the Arctic Islands. I shall not enter here upon the influence
of temperature and snow covering.
Historical Review of the Botanical Explorations.
After this short sketch of the physical geography of the region in question, I have to discuss, in some detail, the material for the know- ledge of the flora of North-Western Greenland, contained in the jour- nals and other publications from the above-mentioned expeditions. I very much regret not to have had the collections of the different american expeditions for inspection. That those who have determined the plants have made mistakes on many points cannot be doubted, and in several cases, most probably, the collections from different localities, or even from far avay districts in Greenland, have been confounded, either by the collectors themselves or afterwards, thus causing a confusion which makes it hardly possible to use the statements at all; for instance, about the botanical harvest of Kane and Hayes. The collections of the eng- lish expeditions I have had an opportunity of revising at the Natural History Museum of London and at the Herbarium of the Royal Gar- dens, Kew, but still here there is much evidence lacking also, as the localities are, in many cases, not mentioned in the labels; it is also impossible to see under what different species the specimen may have originally been placed. In some cases, not a single specimen bears out the statements for instance of Hart or Ontver.
The first record of plants from our area, is to be found in the jour- nal of Joun Ross’s voyage in 1818. The list of plants in his work is unfortunately of very little value, as not only are no special localities mentioned, but even the plants, collected in Danish and N. W. Green- land as well as in Possession Bay in Baffins Land, are not kept sepa- rate. A few notes, however, are found in the running text of Ross’s journal, and of these I have tried to make use, as far as possible, in the following treatment of each species,
The next explorer who collected plants in N. W. Greenland was Dr. Perer C. SurHertanp who, as a member of the Franklin Search
189S—1902. No.16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W. GREENLAND. 11
expedition under the commando of Penny, visited, on August 10, 1850, Bushnan Island where Ross had also landed. SuTHertanp, who was a trained botanist, has given a list of the plants collected during the expedition, with localities mentioned for every species, most of which are, however, only collected to the west.
SUTHERLAND again visited N. W. Greenland in 1852 as surgeon of the search-expedition under INGLEFieLp, where he probably took a large part in bringing together the collection of plants named in the “Notes of Flowering Plants and Algae” which forms one of the Appendices to Incue- FIELD's Summer Search. Some plants were, however, collected by the com- mander and other members of the expedition. Collections were made at Wolstenholme Sound and Whale Sound. Detailed information about the points in the first-mentioned inlet, where plants were collected, is wanting; but from some details and a small list of plants contained in the journal, it may be concluded where this collection was made (I. c., p. 99—62): “After running twenty-one miles from Cape Parry along the shore, huts were observed in a bight that proved to be a small deep water bay”. The place so designed can only be Burdin Bay, and, as no other landing in Inglefield Gulf is mentioned, I think the Whale Sound plants were all collected at Burdin Bay.
Dr. E. K. Kane, who spent two years (1853—55) in N. W. Green- land, has made a good many notes about the flora and vegetation of the different points visited during the expedition, and a fairly extensive collection was brought home too, which had been gathered by himself and others, for instance the Danish interpreter Petersen. Kane had also made collections and notes when, in 1850, he visited the neighbour- hood of Cape York in the first Grinett-expedition under De Haven. His collections were given to Mr. Ertas Duranp who used them for his memoir “Plantae Kaneanae Groenlandicae”. It is, however, to be re- gretted that Kane was not more of a trained botanist, for he had an opportunity of examining parts of the coast never visited by any other explorer; and he had doubtless as well, a keen eye for detecting even the more insignificant species, and a greater interest in botany than most of the travellers in these regions. Now, many of his notes are deci- dedled based upon wrong identifications. Another unfortunate circum- stance is, that his collections, made partly in Danish Greenland, partly to the north, have doubtless in some cases been confounded during the difficult and hazardous retreat of the expedition after the abandonment of the ‘Advance’. Much had to be left behind; and even if, through Kane’s indefatigable exertions, as much was carried along in the boats
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as could be taken besides the indispensable outfit, I think the fact that many specimens came into the hands of the editor without references to the special locality, must be accounted for by the circumstances of the retreat.
That Duranp, who was entrusted with the treatment of these valu- able collections, was by no means able to do it in a satisfactory man- ner is clearly shown, both by the many evidently wrong identifications in his paper — which have since caused many wrong statements to be made about the distribution and range of different plants, and false conclusions to be based upon them by later authors — and also by the curious theoretical speculations which he has inserted in the introduc- tion to his list. I have tried to make as much use as possible of his indications about the occurrence of the different plants, as also of the remarks to be found in Kane’s own journal; but in many cases I have been obliged to take refuge in more conjecture based upon my know- ledge about the plants that may be really meant, or the occurrence of which is probable. Where that has not been possible, for instance where the record may equally well be referred to one species as to another, I have preferred to leave it quite out of consideration. Kane's collec- tions and notes also form the first contribution of the botany of the region north of the Humboldt Glacier.
The collections brought home by Hayes from his expedition in 1860—61, were also treated by Duranp. His list of the plants, collec- ted for the greater part in Port Foulke, but some also in other points of the N. W. Greenland coast or in Ellesmereland, has already been criticized by other authors, especially MatmGren (Grinnell. FI.) and Nar- Horst (N. W. Grénl.). Besides the evidently wrong statements based upon mistakes in identification of species, there are also other more or less doubtfull points about the Enum. pl. Smith S., especially, that the dates and localities given there, disagree in several points with the jour: nal of Hayes. According to Duranp, all the plants were collected in 1861, none during the autumn of 1860, and at the following places in the following order:
July (15th specially mentioned) and August : Port Foulke
— 12th — Ath: Netlik — 27th and 29th: Gale Point (Ellesmereland) — 28th : Cape Isabella —
Sept. 4th : Tessiussak.
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According to Haves’s own Journal and his address to the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, Dec. 6, 1861, the expedition visited the following places enumerated in chronological order:
Proven . . . . . Danish Greenland Aug. 6—12, 1860 Upernivik. . 2... — — » 12-16 , Tasiusak (Tessiussak) — — ,» 21-92 , Cape York . . . . N.W. — 5 20 3 Cape Alexander . .) — ~- » 30 a Littleton Island 2. — _ Sept. 3 . Port Foulke. 2. 2. 2.0 — — 4
”
After wintering there, the following points were visited the next
year (besides those only reached in sledging expeditions during the winter time):
Port Foulke. . . . . . . N. W. Grenland until July 14 1861 Littleton Island . . . . . — — . 5—7 , — — Sy lew its dibs 2 = — » 14? , Cairn Point. . . 2... ace — - ? ‘i Cape Isabella . . . . . . Ellesmereland rs - Gale Point. . . . ..., — ? Fe Hakluyt Island . . . . . N.W. Greenland 2 . Burdin Bay (Netlik) ©. . . — — ? (several days, not July 12) Itiplik (Ittiblu?) 2. 2. 2. 2. 2 00 = — ? Upernivik . . . . . . . Danish — Aug. 14—? 1861 Augpalartok (Aukpadlartok) . = — ‘ ? ‘4 Godhavn. ...... — — Sept. 1 e
At the beginning of September, the expedition was already far to the south, and consequently no plants could then be collected in N. W. Greenland. There must, therefore, be something wrong about the indi- cation “‘Tessiussak, Sept. 4th” but it is probably not the date only. Duranp says: Dr. Hayes’s collections have been confined to the limits of the 78th and 82nd parallels (Enum. pl. Smith S., p. 93), but no col- lections are made north of lat. 79° and Hayes (Op. Pol. Sea, p. 55) speaks explicitly of his “Proven and Upernivik collections”, which al- ready contained all the plants he saw at ‘“‘Tessiussak”, when he went botanizing there (Aug. 1860, see above). Those collections from the more southerly parts of Greenland have, in all probability, formed part of the material which Duranp has treated as having been collected only north of Melville Bay, and thus an explanation may be found for the fact,
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hat he has recorded some species not previously known from these ‘egions. Such are to be found especially among the plants from “Tes- siussak” which I have also quite excluded from my lists of occurrence; wo species of Durann’s list thus disappear entirely, viz. Campanula rotundifolia and Lycopodium annotinum. From Netlik (which was not visited July 12th), there are some doubtful statements also, especially Alchemilla vulgaris, which I[ have, however, entered with hesitation. Some of the Netlik and Port Foulke plants have indeed never been ound again there by other collectors, but, as they are found in adja- ‘ent regions, they may still grow there. Such are “Armeria vulgaris” Statice maritima), Betula nana, and Tofieldia palustris.
Cases in which I have not excluded a species doubtless wrongly letermined, but have only altered the name as I have thought right, nay be seen in the following, from the special synonymics under each species.
Still there would be a certain interest in knowing where the plants rom “Tessiussak, Sept. 4”, are really collected. Now the newer maps f the region, the English Admiralty Chart of 1896, as well, as the new xreenland map published by Commissionen for Ledelsen av de geolo- ogiske og geographiske Undersogelser 1 Gronland, 1906, know no such lace in the region north of Melville Bay; but in the map accompa- rying Hayes, Arct. boat journ., there is a place so named at the north ide of Wolstenholme Sound or in Granville Bay (the map is very naccurate). This place might have been visited during the journey north- vard in 1860, even if no visit there is mentioned by Hayes, but cer- — ainly not in 1861. At all events, such plants as the above-mentioned lo not appear there. It is more probable indeed, that the species in juestion and some more, may have been collected at the Danish out- vost (Udliggersted) of Tasiusak in lat. 73° 21', when Hayes visited it n 1860.
Opposed to this supposition, on the other hand, is the fact mentio- ved by Durann, |. c., p. 93, that some plants, among them Lycopodium tnnotinum, only recorded from the dubious “‘Tessiussak”, were brought 1ome in a living state. ‘These cannot have been taken so early as the irst year. Most probably they were collected at some of the last points hat were visited — Upernivik, with its environs, and Godhavn. Ma.m- ‘REN, |. c., p. 174, thinks the latter place the most likely to be the one, rom which Hayes tried to bring home a living collection of arctic ants, and I can only agree with him. The name “Netlik” also is ab- ent from the new maps; but in the same place where it occurs in the
1898-1902. No.16.] FLOW.PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W- GREENLAND. 15
map of Hayes (Arct. boat journ.), there lies an Eskimo village named Natsilik, which is doubtless the same place. Hayes may have mis- understood the name, or it may have been altered since, which is often the case with Eskimo names.
Another discrepancy, which ought to be mentioned, exists between Duranp’s list and that of Hayes himself (Op. Pol. Sea, p. 398—99), where some corrections are made; these are, however, of different value, being only partly based upon more reliable determination.
During the next american expedition, that of Hatt, 1871, evidently very little was done towards the botanical exploration of the new land visited. BrsseLs, however, the leader of the expedition after the death of Hatt, has given a list of twenty-one or twenty-two species found in Hatt land, probably in the vicinity of Polaris Bay (Amer. Nordpol Exp., p. 304). One species is here added to the preliminary list of Bessets (Exp. Pol. Amer., p. 297) and the identifications of the species are said to have been verified by Asa Gray. Notwithstanding, I think that some of the records must be based on a mistake; such, for instance, as Erio- phorum vaginatum and most probably also Carew dioica. This list is, however, still of considerable interest as being the first contribution to the flora of the northern parts, with the exception of the few plants mentioned by Kans from Morton’s spring journey along Kennedy Channel.
The Nares expedition in 1875—76 visited Cape York and Foulke Fjord in the southern part of our area, and, to the north, the region at the mouth of Bessels Bay as well as at Polaris Bay; and besides that, one single note is given about the vegetation at Braumont’s farthest. As the expedition had scientific investigations for its purpose more di- rectly than the previous ones, and as it also possessed a member spe- cially acting as its botanist, its botanical harvest was far greater than that of its predecessors. Mr. H. C. Hart, the botanist of the expedition, and several other members—Captain, now Colonel H. W. Fempen, Doctors Moss and Coprincer, besides others, brought together a rather extensive collection which is still of great value for the study of the flora. It is, however, to be regretted as I have already set forth in my Fl. Ellesm., that, in many cases, the specimens are labelled with insufficient care. In some cases also, it seems quite certain that specimens from the places in Danish Greenland visited by the expedition have got mixed with the N. W. Greenland and Ellesmereland collections, thus causing some wrong statements. In other cases, not a single specimen in the London her- barium confirms a statement that ought surely to be thus supported
16 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
if doubts are not to arise in the mind of one who has had opportunities of forming a tolerably well-based opinion about the flora of those regions. The first list of the plants collected during the expedition, is given in Nares, Narrative, where Oxrver has enumerated the flowering plants from Ellesmereland, and J. D. Hooker has given some notes about the relations and peculiarities of the flora, to which I shall have to come back later on. Afterwards Hart himself gave a detailed record of the flora, with accounts about the distribution of each separate species (Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.). He also gives some notes about the vegetation of the places visited, beginning with some Danish Greenland ports and further on Cape York and Foulke Fjord which latter is represented as “this most interesting of all our havens”. I can fully agree with him in this view, as also in his conjecture that more remains to be found there, notwithstanding the Foulke Fjord list has now, after my two short excursions at the place, become by far the largest of any N. W. Green- land district of the same extent.
Further to the north Hart visited Hannah Island and Bessels Bay. Among the plants from the latter locality he especially mentions Poa alpina, whichis, however, doubtless due to a wrong identification of a form of P. cenisia, as no specimen of the former exists in the London collec- tions. Polaris Bay was visited by Hart in May, when only few plants were discernible, and by Coppinger in July and August. This station is said to be rather poor in plant-life (for instance only two Sasxifragae and no Cyperaceae), and Harr is inclined to attribute this to the cir- cumstance that the climate is severer there than on the west side of the Channel. That may be so, but 1 am more inclined to think that it is caused by the geological nature ‘of the soil, the hard limestone forming a very poor ground. The entire list of Polaris Bay contains only twenty-two species, or in fact only nineteen. when those are exluded which are either wrongly determined, or cannot be upheld as separate (Papaver alpinum, Draba rupestris, Dryas octopetala). I am hardly inclined to think that this list is complete if it is to hold good for a wider range; but I have indeed seen small districts much further south in the limestone region of Ellesmereland having an equally poor vege- tation.
The GreeLy expedilion did not contribute much to our knowledge of the Greenland flora, as its principal field of work fell to the west; still we are indebted to Lockwoop and Brarnarp for some plants from the northern-most points in the world where collections have been made (what the collections from the latest Danish East Greenland expedition
1898 —1902. No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N..W.GREENLAND. 17
contain I do not yet know, but plants from an even still higher latitude may exist among them). Only a few plants could, however, be discerned at Lockwood Island in May. —
How much may be done, even in a short excursion, by a trained botanist, especially one who is well aquainted beforehand with arctic plants, is shown by the visit of Natsorst to Ivsugigsok near Cape York, where he went with the “Sofia” in 1883, while-his commander, Norpen- SKIOLD, was on his inland ice trip from the Aulaitsivik Fjord in Danish Greenland. Notwithstanding that it is an open coast locality, he was able, after an excursion of only a few hours’ duration, to make up a list of fifty-eight species. In comparison it may be mentioned, that the whole list for the wide district of Inglefield Gulf, contains only seventy- three species; and that none of the different collectors has there obtained a greater number than 46. It may, however, be taken for granted, that the flora at Inglefield Gulf, must be richer than in any other part of N. W. Greenland, and will yield, in the most favorable spots, even more than the Foulke Fjord list (see p. 20).
Two lists of plants, collected during expeditions sent as relief parties to Peary during his work in N. W. Greenland, have been published. The first of these is based upon specimens collected in 1891 by Dr. Burk at Cape York and in M’Cormick Bay, Inglefield Gulf, and in 1892 by Mr. Meewan who has treated these collections in a paper in the Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. of Philadelphia, 1893 (Contr. Greenl.). MerHan enumerates a good many localities where he has botanized, but from several of them not a single plant is mentioned in his accounts of dis- tribution which, moreover, are very imperfect. Another weak point of Meguan’s paper is, that he has been entirely unable to identify his plants as is shown by Horm, who has given a long list of corrections (Contr. Fl. Greenl.). Mr. Hotm has, however, only had opportunities of controlling the determination of some of the plants, represented in the National Herbarium of Washington; and several more of Mernan’s statements seem to be in a great need of corroboration or correction.
Another list of plants collected in the Peary auxiliary expedition of 1894 by Dr. WerHerILL is made up at Harvard University. The names of those who are answerable for the determinations, seem to imply that they are reliable, in general at least; and, as the collections seem to have been made with care and without any intermixture of plants from different localities, this list is of great value and interest, the more so as it contains rather a large number of additions to the flora of our
area. The flora of Cape York especially is enriched with several in- 2
18 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT, EXP. FRAM
teresting species, whose occurrence here seems to point to an im- migration over Melville Bay from Danish Greenland, as they are found neither to the north, nor in Ellesmereland. WerHerttL also seems to be the only botanist, who has made collections in the Carey Islands (Bjor- ling Island).
In 1899—1901, the american geologist R. Stem made some collect- ions of plants on the west side of Smith Sound as well as at Cape York, Inglefield Gulf and Foulke Fjord. The specimens have been deter- mined by Mr. Hot of Brookland D. C., who has kindly sent me a list for publication. Part of it I have already used in my FI. Ellesm., the rest is used here. In some instances, I have employed other names than those in Mr. Hotm’s list, and, in one single case (Salix arctica for S. glauca and S. groenlandica), I have felt obliged to differ from his opinion. I am sorry not to have consulted further with him on this point, but I hope that he will excuse me, as I have not had time to do so at present.
In 1908, the late Mr. L. Myttus Ericusen made a small collection at Granville Bay, and, in 1905, the Rev. Knup Bate brought home a somewhat larger collection from Wolstenholme Sound. Both collections are determined by Dr. C. H. Ostenre.p of Copenhagen (Fl. pl. Cape York).
Lastly, I must mention my own material from Foulke Fjord, con- taining 130 numbers of flowering plants and ferns, and representing 76 species. The whole collection was made during our two short visits to Foulke Fjord, in the course of three excursions which together were of hardly 30 hours’ duration. The lower land between Reindeer Point and Etah was, on both occasions, my field of excursion, that is to say, I had only an opportunity of walking over a strip of ground about half a mile in breath and four miles in length. It is much to be regretted, that I could not reach the interior part of the fjord nor the higher slopes and plateaus inland; as I cannot but think that they would have yielded important additions to my list — especially in the matter of bog- and water-plants, which are almost entirely lacking in my collection. I could also have wished very much for a trip over to Port Foulke, where I should perhaps have been able to verify some of the doubtful statements from Hayes’s time. The leader of the expedition, however, was too anx- ious to shorten our stay in Foulke Fjord, to allow time for a closer exploration which might have given valuable results. It was impossible even to obtain a landing at Cape Alexander, which was very desirable, and could easily have been effected, as we steamed past it so close as
1898-1902. No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W.GREENLAND. 19
to have the rich, green slopes in full view; but it was deemed more profitable to spend the time in walrus-hunting.
The table below, which I have compiled in order to show the grad- ual widening of our knowledge about the flora of the region, I have thought to be of some interest; the more so, as it also gives some hints concerning the results to be expected from future exploration and about the different degrees of accuracy in the observations of different travellers. It must, however, be kept in mind, that some places are visited only during times when very little can be found; such, for instance, are Gran- ville and Lafayette Bays, and Lockwood Island; but, on the other hand also many places have certainly been very imperfectly explored. Judging from the brilliant verdure of the slopes of Cape Alexander, I cannot doubt that I should have been more than repaid, for a few hours’ visit there, by a list of at least 30—40 species, and a corresponding collection.
The table does not give the numbers of species for each locality in such a way as they are to be taken directly from the different lists, but I have tried to make use of as many statements as possible, and have entered all records that are tolerably reliable, and not too vague as to the locality. If the somewhat indistinct statements of the older authors had been used in a larger degree, of course the numbers, for instance, for Ross, Kane, etc. would have been larger at the expense of the later collectors, who have given exact records about their specimens. Such indications as ,,Smith Sound stations“, ,Inglefield Gulf‘, etc., are of course left out of consideration here, even if sometimes I have mentioned them in the following statements about the occurrence of each separate species.
If the 14 species, admitted in the special treatment as doubtful, are added to the number in the table, we get a total of 122 species. When Nartuorst (N. W. Grénl.) treated the flora in 1884, he gave a list of 88 species to which, in his Nachtr., 4 more are added. Notwithstanding the fact that I have excluded 19 (besides some for which I use other names), the flora now reckons 16 species more or, in other words, 35 species have been added since then. Some of these, however, had al- ready been found before Natuorst wrote his compilation, but they were either wrongly determined, or were excluded by him as too doubtful to insert in the list. Thus the new species are, in fact, only 29, found by Meenan, WETHERILL, STEIN, and myself.
As I shall have to use the numbers of species for the whole area and its different parts in the following discussion about the affinity of the flora, I am sorry that I have not been able to make sure, at least
20 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC, ARCT, EXP. FRAM
Table I. e|_ls| [a8 2 ZiBl les altiziel ee Saeiledpeagilll [es olEls Berets Hic Brelsie s ©|8)s 8/71, S/S) a) FE] /2 a |Si 5 = TES] SSlclE| SiS i2l ei clBlele s 0 2/8/0)2) Flo) elo /S|5/ 8) 6).2) cox S/5/m 512/83) 8/8 slSie Elselsis g 0 Ah |S ee (a a Je eran pe ied Bushnan Island 3, 9 | 10 Cape York Sere) Rk ae ee 12 97) 11 39 Ivsugigsok . . eewhs Urcee Ah yee 58 58 Wolstenholme Soni ee eee j 84 Saunders Island se: a he Wee og i Umanak ye seriay oo bce 5 13 23) Granville Bay . . . . 1... eee 6 6 Carey Islands . ........-. | 5 5 Inglefield Gulf. . . . ao he aebsiay o | 23 Northumberland elon ie Aphis an ok 3 5] 1388 389 Burdin Bay (Netiulumi, Netlik). . . {1} 15 10 4 29 Bowdoin Bay ......... 10 10 Cape Acland. . ........ 4 94 Fan Glacier . . ........ 99 92 Verhoef Nunatak . . . 1... . 7 7 M’Cormick Bay. . . ‘ 11 11 Cape Alexander & Sathesland Teland 9) 9 4 Foulke Fjord ‘ 4 G6 1/18) 34 1| |76/23 81 Fog Inlet & Bedevilled ‘Headly he ad nas {6 16 Rensselaer Bay . ........ 93 93 Mary Minturn River 8 8 Lafayette Bay . ; 4 8 8 Bessels Bay & Hanna, Ilana. woe 8 12 12 Polaris.Bay'. 4 6 & & 2 uw wow w 21/18 v3) Lockwood Island... ...... 4 4 Total number of species . . 3) 9/21/37/33/21/49| 4/58/19169/76/45! 6/23 Additions to the N. W. Greenland flova 3} 7/12)26] 7 2) 9/18) 2]17) 9) 1)—|—]]t08
of the value of all the existing indications; especially as there is another weak point always to be calculated with, viz., the imperfect exploration of most parts. In the hope of inducing some competent botanist to make a revision of the american collections, which may supply some future worker on the N. W. Greenland flora with material less studded with “?”, I will point out where those collections seem to be kept.
The specimens of Kans, Hayzs, Bessers, Burk and MEEHAN are probably all included in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia; at least it is especially mentioned, that some of them belong to that herbarium. The collections of WeETHERILL were determined at Harvard University, which probably possesses them. As to where the “private collection” of GREELY is kept, I am entirely ignor-
1898—1902, No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N..W.GREENLAND. 21
ant. A thorough revision—especially of the Kane and Hayes plants— would be of the greatest value; not only for an exact knowledge of the N. W. Greenland flora, but also for the settling of several questions concerning the flora of Danish Greenland, for which a considerable number of plants is recorded by Duranp alone, most probably because he has arrived at wrong determinations.
A striking feature in the above table, is the very different number of species for the stations explored. The small area of Foulke Fjord has yielded 81 plants—a number greater than that from any other single locality ; and even the list arrived at in my short stay there, is larger than that of the entire area of the widely-branching district of Inglefield Gulf, which, running far inland into a country of similar geological nature, doubtless affords still better conditions than those of Foulke Fjord. During my short stay at the iatter place, I found again all the species previously recorded for it with the exception only of 5 (among which 2 at least are somewhat doubtful), and I added a considerable number, including 9 species new to the whole of N. W. Greenland. I think that several more species might still be found, were a trained botanist to get an opportunity of surveying more than the small patch of ground which I was able to reach to investigate.
Next to Foulke Fjord stands Ivsugigsok with a list of 58 species. A few indeed have been excluded from the list of Natnorst (Dryas octopetala, Luzula spicata, Glyceria angustata, Taraxacum officinale) but they have been replaced by others through the revision of his mate- rial so as to give the original numbers unaltered. It is due principally to the keen eye of Narxorst, trained in the excellent school of former swedish arctic expeditions, but partly also to WeTHERILL, that the Cape York region now shows a list of 75 species. Its relatively close neigh- bourhood to Danish Greenland may, to a certain degree, have facilitated an immigration and perhaps affords an explanation of this abundance; but I think most of those plants will be found further north also, and will not be confined to the open coast localities of Cape York.
That the figures for Wolstenholme Sound, 34, far from represent the true number of its flora can hardly be doubted, especially as many common species are absent from it. Here much is left for future explo- ration. In Inglefield Gulf, one locality only—Northumberland Island— has reached as yet a number of 39 species. Of these Srein’s list con- tains 38. None of the branch fjords, each equalling Foulke Fjord in size and probably surpassing it in conditions of plant-life, has as yet yielded as much as 30 species; and the total number of recorded plants
99 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
is not more than 73. As some of these are rare species, not found in other N. W. Greenland places, it appears that a great many common spe- cies must have been entirely overlooked here.
From the Carey Islands 5 plants only are noted (Potentilla Vahliana, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Cerastiwm alpinum, Salix arctica, Catabrosa algida). In all probability, some more may be found there; but judging from my own experience in some small islets in Jones Sound, about which I shall elsewhere give an account, I am inclined to think that the number of species which have found their way to these small isolated islands, surrounded for the greater part of the year by open water, may be very small. Among species which I think are most likely to be found there, I may mention Cochlaria officinalis and Glyceria distans, growing generally around the gulls’ nests in the rookeries. It is, however, to be regretted that WeTHERILL, who alone has contributed to the botanical knowledge about these islands, has not published any notes about their vegetation.
The numbers of species for the localities of Kane are small enough indeed, even Rensselaer Harbor only reaching 23. This may be due partly to the loss of some parts of the collections, partly perhaps to the hard climate of the nearly always ice-bound shore of Kane Basin. The existence of such species as Lesquerella arctica, Hesperis Pallasii, Ranunculus Sabinei, Pedicularis arctica, some of which are only found here, rather induces one to think that the broad stretch of ice-free land here may have allowed the development of a flora, which will at some future time yield many more species.
Concerning the whole region north of the Humboldt Glacier, there is hardly anything more to be said, than that it is far too imperfectly explored as yet for any inferences to be drawn about the real bulk of its flora. Only 27 species are at present known with certainty from these parts; whereas the number for Grinnell Land, which lies in the same latitude and is only separated from N. W. Greenland by the narrow Kennedy and Robson Channels, has supplied a list of at least 72 vas- cular plants.
As an appendix to this historical review of the botanical exploration of N. W. Greenland, and in order to facilitate the identification of the different localities mentioned, I have compiled the following list of loca- hities with their approximate place so far as it appears from the maps to which I have access in the reports and journals of the different expe- ditions, as well as from the English sea-chart of Smith Sound, the new Danish map mentioned above, or from lists of determinations of places.
1898 —1902. No.16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W.GREENLAND. 23
The rough sketch-map accompanying the list, will further facilitate the
use of it.
List of N. W. Greenland localities, with their approximate geographical position:
Cape York region: Bushnan Island . Cape York . Ivsugigsok .
Cape Dudley Digges Cape Atholl
Wolstenholme Sound: Wolstenholme Island Dalrymple Rock .
Saunders Island (Agpa)
Umanak . ......
Granville Bay (Iterdlagsuak) Carey Islands:
Bjorling Island
Inglefield Gulf: Burdin Bay Natsilik (Netlik) Netiulumi Whale Sound tk Northumberland Island (Kujata) Hakluyt Island (Agpasuak) . Cape Acland . F Fan Glacier Bowdoin Bay . Redcliffe House . M’Cormick Bay Robertson Bay Verhoef Nunatak. Cape Robertson . Glacier Valley .
Foulke Fjord region: Sutherland Island Cape Alexander .
Lat. N.
75° 59! 75° 55‘ 10> 7 fo” 4 76° 23°
76° 24! 76° 28° 76° 35! 76° 30° 76° 45!
76° 49°
oe ie 77° 10! 77° 15' 77° 22! 77° 24
?
2 77° 36° 77° 35‘ 77° 38 77° 48' 77° 50° 77° 50
78° 9° 78° 10°
Long. W.
65° 651/2° 66° 69° 691/2°
70°
70° 701/.° 69° 69—70°
72°
71°
M14? 72°
69° 70° 691/5° 701/2° 70° 4?
73° 73°
H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
Lat. N. Long. W. Foulke Fjord ... . . « » 78° 18 72° Port Foulke . Point Jensen Reindeer Point . Etah baste Bs Be ok Littleton Island (Pikira) . . 78° 23° 721/5° Shore of Kane Basin: Fog Inlet Bedevilled Reach. 2 3 Renselaer Bay (Harbour). . 78° 37’ 71° Butler Island . . . . . . 78° 87’ 71° Bancroft Bay. . . . . . 78° 47' 69° Mary Minturn River . . . 78° 25—47' 68—69° Washington Land: Lafayette Bay . . . . . 80° 30 68° Bessels Bay . . . . . . 80° 45'—81°10' 63° Cape Bryan . . . . . . 81° 9 64° Hannah Island . .. . . 81° 10° 64° Cape Morton . . . . . . 81° 41° 63° Hall Land: Polaris Bay <4 « « + « BL” 35? 62° Peary Land: Wood Point . . . . . . 82° 95°
Lockwood Island. . . . . 88° 94! 40°
1898—1902. No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W. GREENLAND. 95
Cape B "Ce Vi A
82"
804
“GREENLAND
26 H. G. SIMMONS. (SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
Short Notes about the affinities of the Flora.
As far as I have been able to ascertain, the flora of N. W. Green- land includes a number of 108 flowering plants and ferns, or 7 less than that of Ellesmereland. There besides are 14 more recorded, which, how- ever, almost certainly are not really members of the flora of our area.
Table II.
a) 7 Bes 73 2 |Z] 4 | 3/2/58 2/8 | 3 s | $8 | 5 S ge le ele le 3} 5 |) 5 s/o |] 36
g . : q : Sait 2 |e | a Blz2z|2 BH | 2a | 2 Compositae 7 6 6 Cruciferae. 13 12 12 Campaniulaceae 1 1 2 Papaveraceae 1 1 1 Scrophulariaceae . 4 6 3 Ranunculaceae . 6 6 6 Borraginaceae 1 Caryophyllaceae 10 10 12
Polemoniaceae . 1 Portulacaceae 1 Gentianaceae . . 1 Polygonaceae 2 2 3 Plumbaginaceae 1 1 1 Betulaceae 1 1 Primulaceae 1 Salicaceae ... 1 Q 2 Diapensiaceae . 1 1 1 Liliaceae . < 1 1 Ericaceae . 2 4 3 Juncaceae. . . .| 8 3 5 Pyrolaceae 1 1 1 Cyperaceae . . .| 15 9 17 Onagraceae . 1 1 1 || Gramineae . . .| 20 17 at Empetraceae . 1 1 1 Lycopodiaceae . . 1 1 1 Rosaceae . 5 6 7 Eiquisetaceae. . . 2 1 2 Saxifragaceae . 12 9 11 Polypodiaceae . . 4 3 4 Crassulaceae. 1 Species | 115 | 108 | 128 Families | 24 | 927 28
1898—1902. No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W. GREENLAND. 27
The 108 species belong to the families included in the above table, of which each is represented by the number of species mentioned in the column for N. W. Greenland. The corresponding figures for N. E. Greenland and Ellesmereland are added to facilitate comparisons.
Already from the above table it appears that there is a consider- able conformity between the floras of the three districts here compared. The genera with the greatest number of species, are also nearly the same in N. W. Greenland as in Ellesmereland; viz. Sawxifraga (11) 9, Carex (11) and Ranunculus (6) 6, Pedicularis (4), Draba (5) and Poten- litla (4) 5, Glyceria (4) 4. The figures in () represent the number of species in Ellesmereland, where also Poa has 5 species (only 3 in N. W. Greenland). Carew indeed appears to be far less represented in the flora of N. W. Greenland, than in that of Ellesmereland or of N. E. Greenland, where it reckons 13 species; but that most probably is accounted for by the less accurate exploration of the first-mentioned region, rather than, as Harr thinks, by a more arctic climate (Bot. Br. Pol. Exp., p. 9).
Before, however, I go into further detail, I think it will be best to facilitate the survey of the floras of N. W. Greenland and the neigh- bouring lands by the following tabulated statements of the distribution of the species (Table IIf). All the species found with certainty, either in N. W. Greenland, N. E. Greenland, or Ellesmereland, are inserted here; and further, their appearance in Danish West Greenland, in the ; Arctic American Archipelago, or in the arctic parts of the American Continent indicated. In the first column, that of Danish West Green- land, a“—” before the figur of the approximative degree of limit, signifies that the species is spread so far south; alter the figure, it signifies the northern limit of the plant so far as known; the sign ‘““—” by itself, signifies that it is spread along the whole coast. In the N. E. Greenland column, the signs are used in the same manner. The distribution, how- ever, south of Scoresby Sound is left entirely out of consideration as being of no interest here. An “S” signifies that the species is not found north of Scoresby Sound. As previously mentioned, I have only taken up in the list, such E. Greenland species as are found from Cape Hold with Hope (Broer Ruys) northward if they are not already entered as N. W. Greenland or Ellesmereland plants.
In the column for N. W. Greenland, “‘S” signifies occurrence south of the Humboldt Glacier, “N” northward from there. A “1” is used for species found only in a single place. In the Ellesmereland column, “S” ig used as the sign for occurrence in the southern, “N” in the
98 H. G. SIMMONS. (SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
northern part of the land, “H” for the Hayes Sound region, “+” for a single locality.
In the columns for the Arctic American Archipelago, and for the arclic part of the Continent, I have not been able to give such detailed indications about the distribution as desirable; but have been reduced to designating occurrence in some parts of the area in question only by a “1”. In a few cases, I have had access to records which have made it possible to give a hint about the probable way of immigration by indicating different districts from where alone the species is known: Baffinsland with “B”, the southern islands with “S’, the western with “W”’, and the eastern part with “E”.
The last column contains references to the place of each species in
table VI.
Table III. on 3 a | = i=} | nm] g as 2\/Gul5u} & | 38/22.) Z G3\/ae/88/ Ss | 32/288) 2 ZBolaeal| ea a ee |) S8e) & ial o & BS o & | odes 20 oa lag | 6 ie ee 2 ie oe “So g oO ovo 8 ae) 69 = = <i azo 5 = a Zz fa g % S elite, ip mise <>) Taraxacum arcticum . —70 E —- hyparcticum . . S+ — + | + A — phymatocarpum . |—70 | —70 S) S+ G-A-D = pumilum... . SN + A—D _ arctogenum. . . | —68 Ss G Arnica alpina ...... |—64 _ Ss SN + + | U—A Antennaria alpina ... . - 72—-| S+} H+) + + U Erigeron uniflorus. . . . . | —64 — N + + U — compositus ... . |—70 - S) N + + A Campanula uniflora... . _ _ S SH + + U _ rolundifolia . . 70-| .- B + Ss Pedicularis capitata . . . . S+ =, + + A = hirsuta... . |—64 - SN _ + + | U-A - lanata. . . . . |—67 S+ | SN + + | A—D - flammea.... — - S+ + D _ arctica. . . . . S+ H W WwW A
1898—1902. No. 16] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W.GREENLAND. 29
= c S = a 5 = a) ae r= = i & 2 eet 2 aa ae eh pt Bajepueal 2 23 as vo = £ go |*e8| & ah o& Be 2 tie lon gO), £35 | 28 g else =) ang pe ~ ow n 7) oo9o me o| BS |G | & le 825) 2 2 | Za Zz a | eos 5 = < 3 2 ie Bartsia alpina... ... — 68— S+ Ss Mertensia maritima . . . . |—68 S+ + S Polemonium humile ... . —74 + E Gentiana tenella . ... . — E Statice maritima .... . - - S S- | + + U Androsace septentrionalis . . N+ WwW A Diapensia lapponica. . . . - S S+ | N+/ B E D Myrtillus uliginosa. . . . . - 5 iS) SH | + + U Vaccinium Vitis idaea . . . | —64 S+ + S) Cassiope tetragona. . . . . |—64 _ 5 _ + + U Rhododendron lapponicum. . _ _ S+ + + | A—D Pyrola rotundifolia ... . _ 2B S) H+j| + + U Chamaenerium latifolium . . _ - S = + + | U-A Empetrum nigrum... . . - _ S H + + U Dryas integrifolia .... . - 73'/o—| SN - + + A — octopetala. ..... _ E Potentilla pulchella. . . . . | —69 a S - + + | U-A = rubricaulis. . . . ? |—74 s _ + + A — nivea. . . . . . | —64 - s s ap U — Vahliana . .. . |—69 Ss SN. | + + A — emarginata . . . | —67 - SN _ + + | U-A — maculata .... 70-| — ? 2 S) Chrysosplenium alternifolium . S+ > 4+ a A Saxifraga oppositifolia . . . = - SN |} — + + U _ flagellaris. . . . —T2 SN | —- + + | A-D _ aizoides. . ... — 7'Yo—| S+| St+ + + U _ Hireulus . 1. . -72 S + + | A-E — tricuspidata . . . | —64 70— S) _ + + A — hieraciifolia . . . 73\— + + E _— nivalis... . . _ - S) — + 7 U _ stellaris. . . . . — -- Ss - + au U _— groenlandica. . . - - SN _ + a U = *exaratoides . . . ? S+ A-—D - cernua .... + - — s _ + ae U _ rivularis . 2. ef = - s - + + U Rhodiola rosea . . 1... . = - + a. Ss Hesperis Pallasii . 1... . SN | — + ly A Braya purpurascens... . 70 = SN | SN] + + |U-A Arabis Hookeri . . ... . |—64 S+ + A — arenicla ..... 70—| 70 HN 25 A Draba crassifolia . . . . . | 70--64| 73%/2— Ss — alpina... .... | -69 = SN] - + + U — fladnizensis. . . . . |-64 | — s — + + U — subcapitata. .... ? ? ? SH} + | + A — mnivdlis. ... 2... = - ) = + U se art, a a a we — = SN - + + U — imana ...... 70— S+ ? WwW s
30 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP, FRAM ae oe ee 26 | 22/28) & (82 e5e] Ss ae 2/38), 2 go jage & ee | Oc |ee] &S | aa load £O/| 83 |#3s] & Sle o8| & Aan; ££ |S) 8 | oS Bes g) 8S | ES] S | a iks0) 2 = Ai aan e fe | 2 i} Lesquerella arctica . —69 — SN | — ee + A Cardamine pratensis . 70—| 72— HN B + U = bellidifolia - — s - + at U Eutrema Edwardsii 70 72 S+) SN + + | U-—A Cochlearia officinalis . - — SN | —- + + U Papaver radicatum = = SN | —- + + U Ranunculus glacialis . = E = affinis . 67 | S+] S+) + + |U-A = sulphureus —70 _ S _ + + U _ nivalis . —68 - SN - + he U = Sabinei. S$ SN + + A : ec pygmaeus . = — Ss H =P U = hyperboreus . _ — S+ | SH + + U Arenaria ciliata —69 = S+) S+ ie U Honkenya peploides = _ Ss B a U Alsine Rossii . SN + + A — verna . : —64 _ Ss - + + U Sagina intermedia —63 = A+ + U — nivalis —64 731 /o— D-S Cerastium alpinum = = SN | — + + U Stellaria humifusa = = Ss SH | + + U — longipes _ - Ss — + + U Melandrium affine —65 — SN | — a U = triflorum —65 _ Ss ? G _— apetalum —69 a SN _ + + | U-A Silene acaulis = = Ss = + + U Montia lamprosperma - S+ ? S Polygonum viviparum ae a SN = + + U Oxyria digyna - _ SN - + + U Koenigia islandica a = 2 s Betula nana —63 731,—-| S Ss Salix arctica . rat = SN = + + |U-A — herbacea = - ) + + U Tofieldia palustris . a 7BYo—| S + + | A-D Juncus castaneus 64—70| — B e s — biglumis . = = SN = + + U — triglumis 70-| — + + S) Inuzula arcuata . ais = SN = + + U — nivalis —64 _ S _ + + |U-A Carex membranopacta SH + of A -- capillaris . — 731/.— s B a U -- ustulata . 70—73| 74 aa eco eee ee: — misandra —67 = Ss = + _ U — rigida . — | 7p-| Ss B|— | U — salina . 7-| ~— Ss — pedata . = S SH U — rupestris . —67 — = U
1898 — 1902. No. 16.
FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W. GREENLAND, 31
= 6 = > S Ee eo 8 o |n g L gael S32 Sel & feplieee| = 22] @8 | @2) 2 jes lees) o€ €6| $8 |ES| § | 4B leas) - a ~» bret el 3 & n os zo a a Z| s© | 82) 2 ea igeso, & ee a ce ee: oO Carex aquatilis . _ = =e 4 A — lagopina .« = = S — glareosa . _ - S+ |} H+ B U — ursina. ..? —69 - SH Ee U — incurva . a _ S+ = as f. U — nardina . = = SN = B + |U-A — scirpoidea = 72— S+ B 2 | A=) Kobresia bipartita . —64 7831/5 — Ss U Elyna Bellardi . - = Ss ne + U Eriphorum Scheuchzeri . _ — SN = + + U = polystachium - — Ss = + + U Agropyrum violaceum 70— N+ D Festuca ovina — = SN _ + + U — rubra “M-| — ? + Ss Glyceria Vahliana . 71—70) S ? SH + U =e tenella . 69—| 73? S+ D -— angustata . —67 8 Ss SN + ? U = distans . - B-— Ss — + U = maritima . _ - Ss SH U Dupontia Fisheri —69 — N+ | S+ + + |U-A Poa glauca . —- — SS) - + + U — abbreviata —70 - Ss - + + |U-A — evagans . S+ D — alpina. - _ 2 ? B + S) — cenisia _ — SN _ + + U — pratensis . ‘ - 72— ? SH | + WwW U Pleuropogon Sabinei . 70—72 S+/ 8 + + |A—D Catabrosa algida - = S oe + + U Trisetum spicatum . — _ i) SN a + U Aira caespitosa . — |—73}/2 S+ | SN | + + U — flecuosa. ..... 69— S+ | H+ D—-S Calamagrostis arundinacea m-| — ) Arctagrostis latifolia . —170 - Ss - + + U Alopecurus alpinus . —62 _ SN _ + + U Hierochloa alpina . - - S) SH + + U Lycopodium Selago _ = Ss - + + U Equisetum arvense . - - Ss — + + U _ variegatum - - N+ | + + U Aspidium fragrans —67 Ss S+]} H+] + + |U-A Cystopteris fragilis . = = Ss - + + U Woodsia ilvensis = _ H + + U — glabella —67 _ S+ | SH + + U
The records of distribution condensed
in the above table, may, of
course be used in several ways for proving the affinity between the floras of the regions here in question, N. W. Greenland and Ellesmere-
32 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC, ARCT. EXP. FRAM
land; and also for drawing conclusions about the causes of the simili- tudes and differences between them, when compared with one another or with the floras of adjacent lands. Before I enter into any further discussion, I think it best to insert one more table, which may also be of use in the following pages. It gives some particulars concerning the distribution of species within N. W. Greenland.
Each of the districts principally investigated, has here got its column, marked as follows:
Y = Cape York (including Bushnan Island, Ivsugigsok, and Cape Dudley Digges).
W = Wolstenholme Sound (including Wolstenholme, Dalrymple and Saun- ders Islands, and Granville Bay).
C = Carey Islands.
= Inglefield Gulf (Burdin Bay, Whale Sound, Northumberland and
Hakluyt Island, and coast to Cape Robertson).
F = Foulke Fjord.
R = Renselear Bay.
B = Bessels Bay and other localities in Washington Land.
P = Polaris Bay (Hall Land).
N = the northernmost parts.
In this table I have also inserted the doubtful species which are, however, not taken into consideration in the following.
Table IV.
Y. | W. Cc. I. F, R. B. | P.| N.
Taraxacum hyparcticum . + — phymatocarpum | + - arctogenum . + + Arnica alpina. , ... + + + Antennaria alpina . 4 Erigeron compositus . . + + Campanula uniflora . 2.) + + Pedicularis capitata + _ hirsuta. . . + + — lanata. . «J + - flammea . . + - arctica. . . + _ lapponica. . e Bartsia alpina Mertensia maritima Statice maritima . Diapensia lapponica .
++tt
1898—1902. No. 16] FLOW.PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W. GREENLAND.
33
ae
W.
Myrtillus uliginosa . Vaccinium Vitis idaea. Cassiope tetragona . . Loiseleuria procumbens . Rhododendron lapponi- Pyrola rotundifolia. Chamaenerium latifolium Empetrum nigrum . Dryas integrifolia Alchemilla vulgaris . Potentilla pulchella . —_ rubricaulis . _ anserina . _ nivea . . « = Vahliana. = emarginata . = tridentata Saxifraga oppositifolia . — flagellaris . - aizoides . _ tricuspidata _ nivalis — - stellaris . - groenlandica . = cernua _ rivularis Hesperis Pallasti Braya purpurascens Arabis Hookeri Draba alpina . — fladnizensis . — subcapitata . — nivalis. — hirta -- imeana. Lesquerella arctica . Cardamine bellidifolia Eutrema Edwardsit Cochlearia officinalis . Papaver radicatum. Ranunculus affinis . - sulphureus . _ nivalis — Sabine - pygmaeus i hyperboreus , Arenaria ciliata . Honkenya peploides. .. Alsine groenlandica — verna Cerastium alpinum .
++ t+ wttt
He She ge wtte ttt + ++ ++
++
++
t+
++
++tdt+ ++ ett Ft FHEteeettteee F+tt “ot
~~
++
+++
teewtt
$Heetttee +t
ttt
++
t+t+ett+
++
Fett+ +4
+-
++
++
34 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
| Y. W. C I F. R B P.| N Stellaria humifusa . + + + + — longipes. . . .| + + + + + Melandrium affine . + + + + + - triflorum . + + ti - apetalum. . + Sa a + Silene acaulis. . . . «| + + + + Montia lamprosperma. + Polygonum viviparum. + + + + + Oxyria digyna + + + + + + Betula nana... . 1] + + Salix arctica + + + + + + + f+] + — glauca : ? — herbacea. . ...) + + + Tofieldia palustris + + Juncus biglumis . se aE + + + Luzula arcuata . . . 1) + + + + + + — nivalis. + + of — spicata ? Carex misandra. . . .| + + + ? — riwida....., + + — glareosa + — incurva + —- nardina.... + + + a — scirpoidea. ... + — dioica. ...., ? Elyna Bellardi : + + Eriophorum Scheuchzeri .| + + + + f - polystachium | + + + + Festuca ovina . ‘ + + + + + + Glyceria Vahliana . 2 = tenella of = angustata. . . + + - distams . . . . + + ais _ maritima...) + + Dupontia Fisheri . . ., 4+ Poa glauca. ..... + + ae — abbreviata .... + + — alpina . es ? — cenisia. . . . . wf] + + + + + 4a | — pratensis . aes ? Pleuropogon Sabinet . .| + ; 2 Catabrosa algida . . .| + + + + + Trisetum spicatum . + + + Aira caespitosa 4 + — flexuosa. .... + Agrostis canina . . . . ? Arctagrostis latifolia . + + + Alopecurus alpinus. . .| + + + af + 4. | Sb Hierochloa alpina . . .| + + + Lycopodium Selago. . .| + +
1898— 1902. No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W. GREENLAND. 35
Y. | W. Cc. I. F. R. B, |p, N.
Equisetum arvense . . .| + + + Aspidium fragrans. +
Cystopteris fragilis . . . + + + Woodsia glabella. . . . +
Table III contains 152 species which are members of one or more of the floras of the three districts here specially in question; viz., N. E. and N. W. Greenland and Ellesmereland. As for their appearance in those and the neighbouring districts, they may be grouped as I have done in Table V, where existence within a district is marked with a “4”, absence of it with a “—”, mind that some of the districts are very unsatisfactorily explored; and that even in the relatively well examined tracts, additions will yet be made that will very considerably alter the numbers, total as well as relative. I think, therefore, that it will be better to discuss the dubious species separately, and afterwards try to get as natural groups as possible. However, I shall try to point out also, what results may, in my opinion, be arrived at by using the rough statistics here put
It is, however, always to be kept in
together. Table V. =] g a § o Q | Bs 3 |e6g/ee|a | 3 e a/iz/22| 2 (zalzals | 6 Group eS Feldalea| § l22/aol2 |s Sjgslesias| gle Bl2slaal as 2 (ES/ES/ES] SB Sal Sa] E83] Pia |4 |4 Bila |4 ‘le a i} te) +] eee] ee | 2 | +) +1 +] +i)]+i}-—-i) 2 I a | +) +/+] +4] —-] + 4 . 4, +/+} —] +] —] + 4 5. + + _ + + + 7 6. +/+] +]o4) -—-] - 3 | 90 a ee ee ge eee ee en a ee ea meee es ee IL. | 8.0) See | ae ae) ee eS 4 4 | +) —]| +] -}| -J] 7 2 | 12 1. - - - + + + 4 ; | %2)/—-}| —-{| +] +) +4] + 5 Tl. 3. ee ee ee ee g | 4, - - - + _ + 1 5. —} + f{+4i]+4/) ++ 3 | 15
36 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM 5 Ble te |e_l£_|¢/Selea/e | a = a ik c= S/S EGEiSE 2/23 25/3 [6 Group 2 elauite) - =e eee % 5 \aeistia | § |geleziag! - 2 /ES|sS/s5| & | e< e4|/F3| 2 sis ie lz alt |<4 2 eS | 1} +/ +} —}; —| +] 4+] 5 Oe | ae ee ceo ed eee sae pa im 3. +) —-] -—] + + 1] 7 1. = _ a pres _ - 2 V. { 2. - — — + + 1/ 8 1] +] +] +] —-{| +] +4] 7 a ee ee ee eee, BP oe) ae |S ae el Gt 4, + - + _ = + 4 VL Be lee | Re PS see eaetie eee a @ | ae | ae Peed ee ee ef ett Albee ices h seer ogee Ml eel 8. _ + _ + + 1 | 2 In Table V., Group I. contains such species as have a rather
ubiquitous distribution in the Arctic Regions, or at least in the parts here in question. Most of the plants, especially those of Gr. I, 1, are so widely distributed, that they can hardly be used in comparing the di- stricts, or for forming any conclusion about the origin of the flora. Some may, however, be of interest, as will be shown in the following pages.
The following 50 species from Group I, are hardly of any interest
for this discussion:
Antennaria alpina* Campanula uniflora Statice maritima* Myrtillus uliginosa* Cassiope tetragona Pyrola rotundifolia* Empetrum nigrum Saxifraga oppositifolia aizoides nivalis stellaris groenlandica cernua rivularis Draba alpina fladnizensis hirta
Cardamine bellidifolia Cochlearia officinalis Papaver radicatum Ranunculus sulphureus nivalis hyperboreus
Alsine verna Cerastium alpinum Stellaria humifusa longipes Silene acaulis Polygonum viviparum Oxyria digyna Juncus biglumis Luzula arcuata Carex misandra incurva
1898—1902. No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W.GREENLAND. 37
Eriophorum Scheuchzeri Aira caespitosa
— polystachium Arctagrostis latifolia Festuca ovina Alopecurus alpinus Glyceria distans* ~~ Hierochloa alpina Poa glauca Lycopodium Selago — cenisia Equisetum arvense Catabrosa algida Cystopteris fragilis Trisetum spicatum Woodsia glabella.
All these are circumpolar species, even though some of them, those marked with a “*” are absent from Spitsbergen.
The Group I, 2, Carex glareosa and Glyceria angustata, not known with certainty from the arctic coast of America, may yet be found there and belong to the circumpolar, more ‘or less ubiquitous plants; as is also the case with Group I, 3: Draba nivalis, Ranunculus pygmaeus, Melandrium affine, Elyna Bellardi*, which are not yet collected in the Arctic Archipelago but which will certainly be found there. Group I, 4 contains 4 species, of which 3, Sagina intermedia, Carex ursina and Glyceria Vahliana, as far as may be concluded from our present knowledge of their distribution, will certainly yet be found in N. W. Greenland and the Archipelago. Of the species as yet lacking in the list of N. W. Greenland (Group I, 5), Erigeron uniflorus, Cardamine pratensis, Carex capillaris*, Poa pratensis, Equisetum variegatum, and Woodsia ilvensis*, will certainly be found there; the last species, Carex ustulata, is, as far as our present knowledge goes, very spora- dically distributed on the American side and especially in Greenland, but is also circumpolar.
Lastly we get from Group I, 6, two species, Arenaria ciliata and Glyceria maritima, not yet reported from any arctic part of America besides Ellesmereland, which must also go here as having been pro- bably overlooked in the Archipelago and Arctic Coast as well as in Asia. Thus we get from Group I, 68 species which are circumpolar and mostly rather ubiquitous. In the following these will be designed as Group U.
We have still, however, 22 species of Group I left. Among these the following 4 species from Gr. I, 1, decidedly have their home in America: Erigeron compositus, Dryas integrifolia, Saxifraga tri- cuspidata, Lesquerella arctica. To these may be added Arabis areni- cola from Gr. I, 4. Alone of them, Dryas, goes over to the north- eastern extremity of Asia. These species and some more mentioned below, may form Group A.
38 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT, EXP. FRAM
There is, however, also a number of species so distributed as to make it rather difficult to form a definitive opinion as to whether they are to be referred to the american or to the ubiquitous plants.
Such are from Group I, 1: :
1. Arnica alpina, as it seems most widely spread on the Ame- rican side and absent from Southern Greenland. In Ellesmereland it is not found in the Hayes Sound region.
2. Pedicularis hirsuta, circumpolar but absent from Southern Greenland.
3. Chamaenerium latifolium, lacking in Western Siberia, Scan- dinavia and Spitsbergen, but appearing in Iceland. If this plant is to be counted as american in Greenland, it should have reached Iceland from the west. Here, however, as in some other cases also, two diffe- rent ways of immigration may be possible.
4. Potentilla pulchella, only south to the Disco region, and absent from Western Siberia and the European Continent.
5. P. emarginata, similarly distributed as the last.
6. Braya purpurascens, circumpolar, but only found about 70° in Danish West Greenland.
7. Eutrema Edwardsii, circumpolar, bul very sporadic in Green- land.
8. Ranunculus affinis, circumpolar, but only in a single place in Danish West Greenland.
9. Melandrium apetalum, circumpolar, but only spread southward to the Disco region.
10. Salix arctica, absent from Spitsbergen and the European Continent, and represented in Greenland mostly by the var. Brownii, which is principally american, and the var. groenlandica.
11. Luzula nivalis, absent from Southern Greenland.
12. Carex nardina, absent from Arctic Asia and Novaja Semlja, but appearing again in Northern Finland, Scandinavia and Spitsbergen.
13. Dupontia Fisheri, civcumpolar, but only sparingly represented in Greenland, where it is lacking in the south.
14. Poa abbreviata, most probably an american plant and absent from Asia, but appearing again in Spitsbergen, Franz Joseph Land, and Novaja Semlja. In Danish Greenland its southern limit is at the Disco region, and in East Greenland at Scoresby Sound.
15. Aspidium fragrans, entirely absent from Europe, and with a northerly distribution in W. Greenland, absent from E. Greenland except for Scoresby Sound.
1898—1902. No. 16] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W. GREENLAND, 39
All these plants are tolerably common and widely-spread in the northern parts of America; in Greenland, they are in generai princi- pally distributed in the northernmost parts, that is to say, where the di- stance to the american area of the species is shortest. All of them, moreover, have a more or less discontinuous distribution, the inter- vening gap beginning either east of Greenland, or east of Spitshergen— Novaja Semlja. If we are to reckon these plants among the american immigrants, we must presume that those which inhabit, for instance, Spitsbergen also, have reached there in the same way as the species of Group II, 1 have come to N. E. Greenland, most probably along a for- mer land-bridge. I will not now, however, give them any definite place, but will reckon them alternatively to Group U, or Group A.
Now we have only 2 species from Gr. I, 1, left to discuss. Taraa- acum phymatocarpum is only known from the northern parts of both Greenland coasts and from a single locality in Ellesmereland. It may be a Greenland plant and have reached Ellesmereland from there; but, as its Ellesmereland locality is in a region where the american feature is rather pronounced, it will more probably be found to have a wider distribution in Arctic America. It can be counted either in Group A, or in a Group G, containing Greenland plants, or also in the Group D, species of dubious distribution. Diapensia lapponica has so curiously interrupted a distribution, that one can hardly place it anywhere but in Group D, even if it has probably reached N. W. Greenland, and per- haps Ellesmereland, from Danish Greenland where it is common.
The 5 species forming Group II, 1, are doubtless all immigrants from the east, as they are all found in Spitsbergen, mostly showing also a wider distribution in Europe and Asia. In Greenland, they are restricted to the northern parts of the east coast. Among them, Tar- acacum arcticum, Gentiana tenella, and Ranunculus glacialis are entirely missing in America, whereas Polemonium humile and Dryas octopetala are found there, even though there is so wide an expanse _ between their Ameircan and Greenland areas, as to make it impossible to think of any connection between them. Those 5 species may form a separate group E, to which also Sawifraga hieraciifolia (Gr. II, 2) may be counted, as it shows a similar distribution, even if it is found in the Arctic Archipelago also.
The 4 species of Group II, 3, show rather a curious distribution. Melandrium triflorum is one of the few endemic species of Greenland, and must of course go to Group G, where I have alternatively placed Taraxacum phymatocarpum. It is, however, reported also for Grin-
40 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
nell Land. Bartsia alpina is found in America only in Labrador, but it is rather a common plant in Southern Greenland. It must doubtless have come to N. W. Greenland from the south, and is to be placed in Group S. Betula nana is distributed in West Greenland from 63° northwards, and, in the east coast, from the Angmagsalik district north- wards to 731/,°. To the south it is replaced by B. glandulosa, but it appears again in N. E. America, not, however, in the arctic parts. It must also go to Group S, species spread in Danish Greenland, where they are probably immigrants from Labrador and wandering northwards from there. How it has reached Eastern Greenland is another question; it may have come from Iceland, or its area may once have been conti- nuous in the south. Glyceria tenella has so discontinuous a distri- bution that it can only be placed in Group D.
Taraxacum arctogenum, in Group II, 4, is an endemic Greenland species (Gr. G). Montia lamprosperma belongs to Group S, it is spread to the south in Danish Greenland but seems to be lacking in Arctic America. It may have reached Greenland from the east, as it is com- mon in Iceland and the Faeroes: or from Labrador, where it seems to. grow, if the indications of Brirron & Browy, Ill, Fl., I, p. 4, about “Montia fontana’” are to be trusted and thus interpreted.
Group III, 1, contains 4 species of which one, Carex membrano- pacta, is entirely american; two, Chrysosplenium alternifoliwm and Alsine Rossii, are lacking in Greenland but reach from Asia as far west as Spitsbergen or (the former) still further in the south. The fourth, Draba subcapitata, is somewhat doubtful, but its distribution in Elles- mereland and further to the south-west, shows that it is an american species within the western parts of our special area at least. It is not yet known with certainty from Greenland, but has a circumpolar distri- bution reaching, on the Atlantic side, to Jan Mayen. These 4 species are to be placed in Group A. Here belong also the species of Group II, 2, which have reached N. W. Greenland. Taraxacum hyparcticum and Ranunculus Sabinei are entirely american, Pedicularis capitata and P. arctica are spread from Eastern Siberia throughout Arctic Ame- rica. Hesperis Pallasii reaches as far west as Novaja Semlja. They have doubtless come to Greenland over Smith Sound, as is also the case wilh Potentilla Vahliana from Group II, 3. Pedicularis lanata also seems to be an american immigrant in Western Greenland, where it is common in the northern colonial districts. It is, however, a cir- cumpolar plant, and appears also in a small area in S. E. Greenland.
1898—1902. No. 16] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N..W.GREENLAND. 41
How it has got there is a somewhat more difficult question to solve. I refer it alternatively to Group A, or Group D.
Androsace septentrionalis, forming Group III, 4, as absent from Greenland goes to Group A. Group III, 5, contains 3 species, of which one seems to be decidedly american, viz. Potentilla rubricaulis; the two others are more dubious, and so give rise to a question as to whether they should be placed in Group A, or in Group D. Sawifraga flagellaris is spread round the Arctic Regions lo Spitsbergen, but its uni- versal appearance throughout Arctic America and the islands, its manner of distribution in Ellesmereland and in N. W. Greenland, make it most probable that it is an american immigrant in Greenland. Pleuropogon Sabinei is spread from Siberia to Novaja Semlja and Franz Joseph Land; but its absence from Spitsbergen, and its range over the Arctic Islands to Ellesmereland, make it probable that it has reached even N. E. Greenland that way.
The 5 species in Group IV, 1, Campanula rotundifolia, Rhodiola rosea, Juncus castaneus, J. triglumis, Poa alpina, must be reckoned to Group S. In N. E. Greenland alone they are spread into the area here in question, and none of them seems to reach its northernmost part. Even” those of them which have an uninterrupted distribution in the south, may, perhaps, have immigrated from both sides, as they are spread both in Europe, inelnding Iceland, and in America. The same is the case with Festuca rubra, which forms Group IV, 2. Carex aquatilis, Group IV, 3, is absent from N. E. Greenland, and its distribution in the north- ern part of Danish Greenland, points to an american origin. I there- fore place it in Group A, notwithstanding that it is not found as yet in N. W. Greenland.
In Group V, 1, we have the two new Ellesmereland species, the distribution of which is as yet unknown; it is possible that Sawifraga *exaratoides may count as american, Poa evagans must, however, be left out of consideration at present. Taraxacum pumilum (Gr. V, 2) most probably may be reckoned as american.
Group VI, 1, contains 7 species, all absent from Ellesmereland but found in the five neighbouring districts entered in the table. Among them, Potentilia nivea, Honkenya peploides, and Carex rigida, are rather ubiquitous species that may yet be found in Ellesmereland. I refer them to Group U, together with Salix herbacea, absent from Spitsbergen (but found in Beeren Island and Jan Mayen) and perhaps from the Bering Sea region. Tofieldia palustris and Carex scirpoidea are absent from Western Siberia; Rhododendron lapponicum also from
49 H. G. SIMMONS, [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
Spitsbergen; but their appearance in Europe makes it doubtful how they should be reckoned in Greenland, especially as they are not found in Ellesmereland, nor in the far north of Greenland. The safest way will be to reckon them alternatively to Group A, and Group D.
Five of the species in Group VI, 2: Potentilla maculata, Koenigia islandica, Carex salina, C. lagopina, and Calamagrostis arundina- cea, entering our special area only in N. E. Greenland, may doubtless be put in Group S, as may also Draba crassifolia, which just reaches Cape Hold with Hope; perhaps also Sagina nivalis, which, however, is a plant easily overlocked or confounded whith others, and may, there- fore, probably be of wider range than is as yet known. Pedicularis flammea (Gr. VI, 3) I think best to leave in Group D. It might also be put in Group A, as being most spread in America; but it is not known from any part of the Archipelago, and has certainly come to N. W. Greenland from the south of Melville Bay. On the other hand, it is known from Iceland and the northernmost parts of Europe, and I think it may still be discovered in Siberia also.
The species of Group VI, 4, have doubtless reached N. W. Green- land by way of Danish Greenland. One of them Arabis Hookeri, is found on the arctic shore of America and consequently goes into Group A; the three others, Mertensia maritima, Vaccinium Vitis idaea, and Draba tmcana, are more or less circumpolar and ubiquitous species, which may go to Group S. The 3 species in Group VI, 5, Carex pedata, C. rupe- stris, and Kobresia bipartita, by their appearance in the most ameri- can part of Ellesmereland, make it impossible to doubt that they exist also in other parts of Arctic America, where they may have been overlooked. If we presume their existence there, they may be put in Group U.
Aira flexuosa (Gr. VI, 6) is decidedly a southern plant; its single locality in N. W. Greenland is doubtless an outpost from its Danish Greenland area, but how it has reached Ellesmereland is doubtful. I think it best to place it in Group D. Still more difficult is it to form an opinion as to the way by which Agropyrum violaceum (Gr. VI, 7) has reached Grinnell Land, as it is not known from any locality in Arctic America, either in the continent or in the islands; and there is an enter- vening, space of more than 10° down to its northern limit in Greenland. I place it in Group D.
Lastly we have Sawifraga Hirculus (Gr. VI, 8), which in Elles- mereland is doubtless an american plant, but has, perhaps, reached N. E. Greenland in the same way as have the species of Group E.
1898—1902. No.16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N..W. GREENLAND. 43
As, however, this discussion is not easy to retain, I have, alter stating my reasons for the division of the floras, put together the fol- lowing table VI. Here the numbers of the plants of each group are enumerated for each district separately, and for all three together; and, besides them, accounts of the percentage in each group, reckoned in relation to the number in the district, and to the total 152 species of the three districts. As so many species have not been definitively placed, two different series of figures must necessarily be put up alongside. The last four columns are made up to show how nearly the figures derived from the rough statistics of table V agree with those from the more closely sifted material, at least, as to the relations to each other of the percentages in the different districts.
Table VI. * ol = . eis = an) . = = & |S |£ Wa |e |S |e |e ;B IE f eel ae | Salen Se | lawl e ad : a n 6 Bei gg lis an| oh Ho 1S Buen ae! 4 ap | ose | - fo} mol so |e no! wo my w]e || 3 wll Sa | os Ge od | sepg Qn\|Oglokllaouni/osgl/og] S65 |an)/°8] 68 B.)3 5) 52) 8-8 lla SS | a8) 81 2 SSISS HSI SS/SSloal awl] soles) oe a a, a Zz A, oO jaa) val ou a
North-Eastern Greenland
Ubiquitous Group U...|| 75 | 58) 49] 90] 70/ 59] I 90 | 70| 59
Eastern — &£E 6 5 4 7 5 4
Greenlandic — G 2 1 1 1 1 1 i 10 7
American - A 98} 92) 19 6 5 4] Il 3 2 Q
Dubious =: UD ees 3 2 Q 9 7 6 || IV 6 5 4
Southern —~ SS...) 14] 12 9] 15] 12} 10) VI 19) 15) 12
Absent(oftotal152 species) || (24)) — 16 | (24); - 16 (24); — 16 128 | 100 | 100 || 128 | 100 | 100 128 | 100 | 100
North-Western Greenland
Ubiquitous Group U... || 62 | 57] 41] 77] 71] 50 I 79 | 73| 52
Greenlandic — G... 2 2 1 3 3 2} Il 6 6 4
American — A.../| 84) 31; 22] 12) 11 8] Il 10 9 7
Dubious = (Dawes 4 4 3 || 10 9 7\| IV a — _
Southern en eee 6 6 4 6 6 4\| VI 13 | 12 8
Absent(oftotal152species) || (44)} — | 29 |} (44)| — | 29 (44); — | 29 108 | 100 | 100 || 108 | 100 | 100 108 | 100 ; 100
44 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT, EXP, FRAM
’ — — . — — P| . — — ss leelBeis |B2/sel 22 is | Be] se uw eo} Wo, 2) Wo) SB ie Oo} M5 oO we Ol Bll o te QB | 2 oO tO} AQ eo Sega ee eel oe ee, * 8) oe BilHE/SEl FS se lea| ou | Ss ee] 28 zie |j@ jz |e |£ Id lA |2 [2 Ellesmereland Ubiquitous Group U... 71) 62| 47] 86) 75 | 57 I 90} 78] 59 Greenlandic — G..-j| — _ - 1 1 1 = wy | American — a...| 40] 385!) 26] 19| 16] 12}/11,V} 18} 16] 19 Dubious = UDGars 4 3 3 8 7 5 || 1V 1 1 1 Southern 2 Sts: — — _ 1 1 1] VI 6 5 4 Absent (oftotal152species) || (87); — | 24 || (87)|_ — |_ 24 (37)| — | 24 115 | 100 | 100 || 115 | 100 | 100 115 | 100 | 100 The three districts together Ubiquitous Group U...]) 7 | — | 49) 90) — | 59 I 90 | — | 59 Eastern -— —E 6) - 4 6] — 4 = sel eas Greenlandic — G 2) — 1 38/ — Q| II 19.) 8 American ee) - || 44 — 29 19 — 12 ||I1I, V| 18 = 12 Dubious — D 6) - 4) 16; —/} J1]) IV Trlr es 5 Southern - § 19; — 18/} 18) — 12 || VI 9) — | 16 152 | — | 100 |} 152} — | 100 152 | — | 100
When we give the group of more or less ubiquitous species the largest possible range, so as to contain 90 species out of the 152, we find 73 of them in all the three districts here specially in question; 4 are absent from Ellesmereland, 13 from N. W. Greenland. The last number will, however, be considerably reduced by further research. If, on the other hand, we take the group of american species in its widest com- prehension, embracing 44 species, we get them thus grouped: in all three regions 23; in Ellesmereland and N. W. Greenland 7; in Ellesmereland and N. E. Greenland 2; in Ellesmereland alone 8; moreover 4 species not yet found in Ellesmereland but in N. W. Greenland (1) and as well in N. E. Greenland (8).
These figures show clearly a gradual decrease of the number of american species to the east such as, a priori, we had to look out for; and the same is the case with the number of plants of decidedly ame- rican origin. Of these, Androsace septentrionalis, Chrysosplenium al- ternifolium, Alsine Rossii, and Carex membranopacta have only reached eastward to Ellesmereland. To these may be added Sawifraga Hir- culus, which may have reached N. E. Greenland from the east; Draba subcapitata, not yet known with certainty in Greenland; and Carex
1898 — 1902. No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W. GREENLAND. 45
aquatillis var. stans, which will probably be found in N. W. Greenland as its distribution in Danish Greenland points to an immigration from the north. . :
N. W. Greenland is reached by the following american species, all spread in Ellesmereland: Taraxacum hyparcticum, Pedicularis capi- tata, P. arctica, Potentilla Vahliana, Hesperis Pallasii, Ranunculus Sabinei and further by Arabis Hookeri which is not found in Ellesmere- land. Erigeron compositus, Potentilla rubricaulis, Saxifraga tricus- pidata, Lesquerella arctica reach to North-eastern Greenland, as also Arabis arenosa which is found in Ellesmereland but not yet in N. W. Greenland. Dryas integrifolia shows, so far as present researches have gone, rather a curious distribution in East Greenland, one small area north of latitude 65° and another larger one from about 70° to 73}/2°, but it is not reported from the most northern known part of the coast. As it is found so far north on the west coast as Lockwood Island, there seems to be every possibility of its occurrence in the far north of the east coast also, so as to account for its appearance in the south. It may, perhaps, still be found to have a continuous area along the east coast.
The most difficult question, however, is that connected with another group of plants in N. E. Greenland, the eastern species: Taraxacum arcticum, Polemonium humile, Gentiana tenella, Dryas octopetala, Saxifraga hieraciifolia, and Ranunculus glacialis, to which Saxifraga Hirculus must most probably be added (as far as this territory is con- cerned). They are all Spitsbergen plants, even though some of them are very rare in that country. Moreover they are found in Northern Europe, and some at least, are widely distributed in Northern Asia also. Four are also Iceland plants. It cannot of course be doubted that this group of species has reached Greenland from the east; but the great question is — how has such a migration heen effected? For those in- vestigators, who are inclined to credit the winds and marine currents with the capacity of transporting living seeds over almost unlimited di- stances, and of putting them safely in a convenient spot for germinating, the question is easily enough put aside, as we have the great polar current which flows in against the east coast of Greenland. In my opinion, however, there are some further problems to be solved.
Even if we take for granted, that the seeds of these plants possess the required resistance to the influence of salt water, and that they can stand an ice-journey of several years, and afterwards find their way to convenient growingplaces in a new land, why are they entirely restric-
46 H. G. SIMMONS. _[SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
ted to the northern coast part? Why have they not spread southwards along the coast when the same mode of conveyance might carry them thither? And, moreover, why have they not gone over to the west coast when the american species have reached the eastern shore? If we assume, that there has been, in post-glacial time, a land-communication along which they have wandered, we get at least a somewhat better so- lution of the problem, even though every point may not be settled. As the way along the Arctic American Archipelago was never glaciated to any considerable extent, it lay open even in early post-glacial (or late glacial) time, and thus the american species got under way northwards very long ago. Some may even have lived in the islands during the maximum of glaciation. The eastern species had a long way over which to spread, and few only reached so far as Greenland before the road of migration was made impracticable by the sinking of the land. Changes of climate may also have played their part in restricting these pioneers to their present small area, as well as in breaking up that of some of the western species in isolated parts. Such a view also agrees very well with some peculiarities in the distribution of marine algae, especially the Laminariaceae, which I have pointed out elsewhere (Stumons, Relations of Floras, p. 166—167).
Now the appearance of these eastern species is, indeed, the princi- pal difference between the floras of N. E. and N. W. Greenland, but it must not be overvalued; the number of species common to both, is still more prominent. Even if we set aside the doubtful and ubiquitous spe- — cies, we have left at least as many american as eastern species in the flora of N. E. Greenland; and if we reckon all that have more or less probably arrived from the american side, we get from four to five times as many western as eastern plants. Among the three areas here com- pared, that in N. E. Greenland shows the largest number of species. — It must, however, be kept in mind, that it begins about three degrees of latitude south of the two others, and the limit of the known part of the N. E. coast coincides with the southern part of the western districts. This may account for the presence here of so many (14—15) southern species.
North-Western Greenland shows the smallest number of species. I think, however, that this is in great part due to its very imperfect exploration; 15 species, found both in Ellesmereland and in N. E. Green- land, are absent from the N. W. Greenland list, but probably not in fact from its flora. That this about holds the middle position between those of the districts on each side, appears from the different tables above;
1898 —1902. No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N..W. GREENLAND. 47
but it comes a little nearer to that of Ellesmereland than to that of N. E. Greenland. On the other hand, it is also connected with that of Danish West Greenland, and if a border-line between a Greenland and an american flora is to be drawn, we must let it follow Smith Sound and its northern continuation and not make such a deflection as to include Ellesmereland, as Hooker (App. Nares) has done. The almost entire absence, in the Ellesmereland flora, of species that might have come from Greenland, entirely prohibits its consideration as greenlandic. The only species which may be of eastern origin are Taraxacum phymatocarpum, Aira flexuosa, and further Melandrium triflorum, if that plant is not erroneously reported from Grinnell Land, as I think it is, and perhaps also Agropyrum violaceum. All these, however, are of a far too sporadic appearance to give any greenlandic character to the flora; whereas, on the other hand, the similarity to the flora of the other American Islands is strongly marked.
I think it best with this to finish the sketch of the connections of the North-Western Greenland flora at present. I am fully aware that it is very incomplete; and I would accentuate the fact that it is by no means to be considered as a definite treatment, but only as a preliminary notice to an examination into the relations and history of the whole arctic american flora, which I hope some time to have an opportunity of finishing. I have also abstained from quoting here the different works in which the history of the Greenland flora is discussed. Perhaps in the mean time also the revision of the american collections may be made, which, as I have above pointed out, is highly desirable. For my own part, I must undertake a thorough revision of all the material from Arctic America in the London collections, so as to be able to make up lists of distribution for each species, and flora lists for each island or group islands in the Archipelago as well as for different parts of the arctic shore, before I feel myself justified in approaching nearer to the phyto-geographical questions, the solution of which I look upon as the principal object of my contributions to the knowledge of the arctic american and Greenland flora and vegetation.
Lund, Sweden, November 1908.
48 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
The Species of Vascular Plants in the Flora of North-Western Greenland.
In the following treatment of the different species I have followed the same plan as in my Fl. Ellesm.; and, as by far the larger part of the plants is common to both districts, I have not thought it necessary to repeat such items as may easily be found there. Therefore I have not here given a complete synonymic for species included in the Ellesmere: land flora, but have only referred to the synonymic given in my previous work. For species not treated there, I have given a synonymic on the same plan as in FI. Ellesm. It is, however, impossible in many cases to give an exact synonymic, for I have not seen all the specimens upon which the identifications in the different papers concerning North-Western Greenland are based, and therefore J have thought it best to insert, as a “special synonymic” in [square brackets] the names used in these treatises which I have, with more or less certainty, in some cases by guess only, referred to the species in question.
The list of literature at the end of the book, is only intended to be an appendix to that of the Fl. Ellesm. where most of the works that have reference to the vascular plants of Arctic America and Greenland are enumerated. The abbreviations of the titles used in the text are also to be found there, as I have not deemed it necessary to repeat the whole bibliography and as the two floras will always have to be used together.
The statements about occurrence and distribution are made up in the same manner as in my Fi. Ellesm., and when no account of the latter is inserted here, it is to be found in that treatise. In the records of occurrence I have used a “S” to signify the southern part (76°—79°) and a “N” for the upper part of N. W. Greenland (from 80° northwards).
1898 — 1902. No. 16.| FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W. GREENLAND. 49
Compositae. Taraxacum hyparcticum, Dautst.
T. hyparcticum, Smmons, Fl. Ellesm.; 7. phymatocarpum, Hanvet- Mazetti, Mon. Tarax., ex p.
Already during the expedition, I was in no doubt about the fact that all the statements in literature about the Taraxacum-forms of N. W. Greenland and the adjacent countries, must be based entirely upon wrong determinations ; the plants may be called 7. officinale, T. palustre, T. Dens Leonis, or any other name. The little I have seen of the collec- tions made by others from the area here in question, has further con- firmed my opinion, and I can only regret the impossibility of examining the collections from most of the american expeditions. When Dr. DaHt- stepT began his researches in arctic Taraxaca, now published in his treatises Stud. arkt. Tarax., and Tarax. ceratoph., he also found that the above names were generally used for plants representing new and hitherto undescribed species. But it has been impossible for him also to control the american authors; and it must still be left an open question what they meant, except in a few cases where specimens have been accessible, or where at least a guess is possible.
The species here in question has been examined by DAHLSTEDT in my collection; but about its occurrence in other parts of the area than that where I found it, only conjectures are possible.
Occurrence. This species is as yet only known with certainty ina few individuals from a single locality in N. W. Greenland, Etah in Foulke Fjord (4268, 4269). DanisTept found them mixed in my Taraxacum collection from that point which, for the most part, represented 7. arcto- genum Dautst. It is, however, rather probable that the 7. palustre which Harr (Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.) speaks of as a form of T. Dens Leonis, occurring in Foulke Fjord, is the same. T. palustre is also mentioned by Duranp (Enum. Pl. Smith S.) as collected at Netlik by Hayes and by Kane at Bedevilled Reach (Enum. Pl.); but without seeing the spe- cimens it is impossible to form any opinion about the plant that is meant.
Taraxacum phymatocarpum, J. VAHL.
T. phymatocarpum, Stumons, Fl. Ellesm.; Hanpet-Mazetti, Mon. Tarax., ex p. [Z. officinale, Naruorst, N. W. Gronl., ex p.; 7. off:
var. lividum, Fernatp in WeTHERILL, List 1894]. 4
50 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
This species, principally greenlandic, has curiously enough, never been mentioned from N. W. Greenland before I used the name in my Prel. Rep., although in a wrong sense, as I had not then subjected my Taraxaca to a closer study. In fact, the real T. phymatocarpum is not present in my collection from Foulke Fjord, but DantstepT has found it hiding under other names in collections from our area.
Occurrence. S. Ivsugigsok (NaTHorstT); Whale Sound, Netiulumi (WeruHeRILL). Hox, in his list of the Stern collection, has used for a plant from Northumberland Island the same name (TZ. off. var. lividum) as FERNALD in WETHERILL, List 1894; perhaps this statement also may be referable to the species here in question.
Taraxacum arctogenum, DauLst.
T. arctogenum, Dautstept, Tarax. ceratoph., 1906; T. officinale, Natuorst, N. W. Grénl., ex p.; J. phymatocarpum, Simmons, Prel. Rep. et Bot. Arb., ex p.
Fig. Dauustept, |. ¢., T. 16.
When I published my first reports of the botany of the expedition, I confounded this species with the common Ellesmereland plant, i. e. T. hyparcticum; but later on I found that it came near to 7. ceratophorum, which was already stated as a Greenland plant, although not mentioned from the north-western parts. Dr. Dautstept, however, has founded a new species on my material.
Occurrence. S, [vsugigsok (NatHorst); Foulke Fjord, abundant in the gravelly and clayish slopes beneath Etah (198, 1473). Perhaps also the 7. phymatocarpum from Etah in Hoim’s list of the Sretn collec- tion may be referred here. Mr. Horm hat determined those plants be- fore Danisrept’s treatises were published.
Distribution. Danish West Greenland (known from a single lo- cality at 68° 35’).
Arnica alpina, (L.) Ouin.
A. alpina, Smnons, Fl. Ellesm. [A. alpina, Meewan, Contr. Greenl.; WetseERILL, List 1894].
This species was first brought home from “near Smith’s Sound, 78°” by Kang, but as it was not found by subsequent expeditions, Nartuorst enters it in his list (N. W. Grénl.) as doubtful. Later expedi- tions have, however, found it in several places.
1898— 1902, No. 16.| FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N..W. GREENLAND. 514
In Foulke Fjord, probably the same locality where Kane had collected it, it grew in the sward of the slopes beneath the rookeries of the little auk.
Occurrence. S. Cape York (Stem); Inglefield Gulf: Verhoeff Nunatak (Meznan), Fan Glacier (WeETHERILL); Foulke Fjord, inside Etah (225, 1502).
Antennaria alpina, (L.) GAERTN.
A. alpina, Stmmons, Fl. Ellesm. (A. alpina, Natuorst, N. W. Gronl.].
The specimens from the only locality in N. W. Greenland that I have seen in the Stockholm herbarium, belong to a form whose leaves are rather densely woolly-haired on the upper surface also.
Occurrence. S. Ivsugigsok (NatHorsT).
Erigeron compositus, Pursu.
E. compositus, Stumons, FI. Ellesm. [#. compositus, Harr, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; Mrewan, Contr. Greenl.].
Curiously enough, this handsome plant has been totally overlooked by most of the previous visitors to Foulke Fjord, where, however, it is rather abundant in the gravelly slopes, forming large tufts with numerous heads of flowers. Many were still in flower when I first visited the place, Aug. 16, 1898. :
Occurrence. S. Inglefield Gulf (MezHan); Foulke Fjord (FEILpEn), at Etah (215, 1475).
Campanulaceae.
Campanula uniflora, L.
C. uniflora, Stumons, Fl. Ellesm. [C. uniflora, Natuorst, N. W. Gronl.].
This plant has entirely escaped the american collectors unless the C. rotundifolia var. linifolia of Duranp, Enum. pl. Smith S., should be referred to this species. But that plant is recorded from the dubious locality ““Tessiussak” and therefore must be left out of consideration. It might, with better reason perhaps, be presumed that the “gentian” of which Kang, I Grinnell Exp., p. 142, speaks as being seen somewhere between Cape York and Cape Dudley Digges, is the present species.
52 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
Duranp, Enum. Pl., mentions no Gentiana', and it seems very impro- bable that any species of that genus should have reached so far, as no Gentiana is found elsewhere north of 69° in Western Greenland.
Occurrence. S.Ivsugigsok (NaTHoRsT); Foulke Fjord, above Etah (1505).
Scrophulariaceae. Pedicularis capitata, ApamMs.
P. capitata, Stmmons, Fl. Ellesm. [P. capitata, Harr, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.].
This species, first discovered by Hart to be a native of Greenland, is still found only in the same locality, where it grew rather sparingly among the grass along small rivulets.
Occurrence. S. Foulke Fjord, Port Foulke (Hart), Point Jensen (CopPINGER), plateau above Etah (219).
Pedicularis hirsuta, L.
P. hirsuta, Simmons, FI. Ellesm.; OstTenreip, Plantes N. E. Grénl. [P. hirsuta, Duranp, Pl. Kan. et Enum. Pl. Smith 8.; Harr, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp., ex p. ?; Natuorst, N. W. Gronl.; Meenan, Contr. Greenl.; WETHERILL, List 1894; P. Kanei, Hayes, Op. Pol. Seal.
This species is doubtless equally common in our area as it is in Ellesmereland and in Northern Danish Greenland. I have explained in Fl. Ellesm. how difficult it is to ascertain what some authors have understood by their names for the species of Pedicularis, and therefore I only refer to what is said there. In the following, the localities are named that can without any doubt be referred to the present plant.
Occurrence. S. Cape York (WetHERILL); Ivsugigsok (NaTHORST); Wolstenholme Sound (INGLEFIELD); Inglefield Gulf: Northumberland Is- | land (Stem); M’Cormick Bay (MegHan); Foulke Fjord: Port Foulke (Hayes) and many other places (226); Fog Inlet (Kane); Rensselaer Bay (Kang). N. Bessels Bay (Hart). This locality is not certain, as Hart has also used the name for P. lanatd.
Pedicularis Janata, Cuam. & ScHLECHTEND.
P. lanata, Simmons, FI. Ellesm. [P. Kanei, Duranp, Pl. Kan.; P. Langsdorffit var. lanata, Wetuerit, List 1894]. 1 Indeed in PI. Kan. he makes the supposition that Sawifraga oppositifolia might
be the “gentian” of Kane. Natuorsr (Nachtr.) has already made the same con- jecture about Campanula uniflora.
1898—1902. No. 16] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W.GREENLAND, 533
As I have previously (1. c¢., p. 29) mentioned, the P. Kanei of DuranpD! belongs to the present species, while his P. lanata is really P. hirsuta. Of the later collectors, only Werxeritt records a P. Langsdorffit var. lanata, which may probably be rightly determined. As [ did not find it in Foulke Fjord, nor did Naruorst at Ivsugigsok, it is probably a rare plant in this part of Greenland.
Occurrence. S. Cape York (WetTHeRILL); “Smith Sound Stati- ons” (KANE).
Pedicularis fammea, L.
P. flammea, Linnarus, Sp. Plant., 1753; Lance, Consp. FI. Greenl.; Kruusg, List E. Greenl.; Wetuerttt, List 1894; Hooxer, Fl. Bor. Amer.; Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl.; Lepesour, Fl. Ross.; Hartman, Skand. Fl.; Grontunp, Isl. FI.
Fig. Linnaeus, Fl. Lapp., T. 4, f. 2; Fl. Dan., T. 1878.
I have seen no specimens of this plant from any locality within the area, but as it is mentioned by Frernatp, whose identifications are generally reliable and who has evidently been able to discern the other species, I do not hesitate to enter it for the area.
Occurrence. S. “Quite abundant in low ground at Cape York” (WETHERILL).
Distribution. East Greenland, West Greenland, Arctic America, Labrador, Rocky Mountains, Alaska, Arctic Russia, Northern Scandi- navia, Iceland.
Pedicularis arctica, R. Br.
P. arctica, Simmons, FI. Ellesm. [P. arctica, Duranp, Pl. Kan.].
I have not myself seen specimens of this plant from our area, but, as previously stated (I. c., p. 32), there cannot be the slightest doubt that the P. arctica of Duranp, PI. Kan., is the real one.
Occurrence. S. Rensselaer Harbour (Kang).
.
Pedicularis lapponica, L.
As I have previously (Fl. Ellesm., p. 34) shown, Harr (Bot. Br. Pol. Exp., p. 35) must somehow have confounded either his specimens of Pedicularis from different stations, or the characters of the species;
‘ In Enum, pl. Smith Sound, the author does not mention his new species as having been found by Haves, but in Op. Pol. Sea, the name P. Kanez is substi- tuted for P. hirsuta probably by mistake.
54 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
for he mentions this plant from places where it certainly does not grow. This view is confirmed by the absence of specimens from the Nargs expedition in the London collections. The statement about its occurrence in Foulke Fjord must be left out of consideration.
Bartsia alpina, L.
B. alpina, Linnagus, Sp. Plant., 1753; Lancs, Consp. Fl. Groenl.; Krvuse, List E. Greenl.; Wetueritt, List 1894; Hooxer, FI. Bor. Amer.; Britton & Browy, Ill. Fl.; Lepesour, Fl. Ross.; Hartman, Skand. FI; Groniunp, Isl. FI.
Fig. Sv. Bot., T. 573; Fl. Dan., T. 43.
There exists an old statement that this plant is found in North- Western Greenland, but it is one of the doubtful ones from ‘“Tessiussak, Sept. 4” in Duranp, Enum. pl. Smith S., and, as previously explained, cannot be taken into consideration. Natsorst, N. W. Grénl., therefore rightly excludes it, but it has since been found by Werneritt and consequently belongs notwithstanding to the flora of this region.
Occurrence. S. Cape York (WETHERILL).
Distribution. East and West Greenland, Labrador, Arctic Russia, Scandinavia, the Alps and Pyrenees, Great Britain, Faeroes, Iceland.
Borraginaceae. Mertensia maritima, (L.) 5. F. Gray.
Pulmonaria maritima, Linnatus, Sp. Plant., 1753; Steenhammera maritima, Reicnensacu, Fl. Germ. exc.; Mertensia maritima, Gray, Nat. Arr. Br. Pl.; Weraeritt, List 1894; Lepesour, FI. Ross.; Sten- hammaria maritima, Lance, Consp. Fl. Groenl.; Ksettman, in Vega- exp.; Hartman, Skand. Fl.; Grénzunp, Isl. Fl.; Lithospermum mari- timum, Hooxer, FI. Bor. Amer.; Pneumaria maritima, Brirton & Brown, Il. FI. ;
Fig. Fl. Dan., T. 25.
I have not seen this species which is not found elsewhere further northward than about 72°, but I enter it on the authority of WETHERILL.
Occurrence. S. Cape York (WeTHERILL).
Distribution. West Greenland, Arctic America, Labrador, down to Newfoundland and Massachusetts, from Oregon to Alaska, islands of the Bering Sea, Land of the Chukches, down to Kamshatka and the Amur Territory, Arctic Russia, Scandinavia, Denmark, Great Britain, Faeroes, Iceland.
1898—1902. No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W. GREENLAND. 55
Plumbaginaceae.
Statice maritima, Muu. var. stbirica, (Turez.) Sim.
St. maritima var. sibirica, Stumons, FI. Ellesm. [Armeria vulga- ris, WETHERILL, List 1894; A. vulg. var. labradorica, Duranp, Enum. pl. Smith S.].
This plant was excluded from the flora of North-Western Green- land by Naruorst, N. W. Gronl., because he thought it rather improb- able that it should grow so far north, and as there was only the doubtful statement of Duranp, Enum. pl. Smith S., to prove that it had been found there. But since that time it has been collected by Weru- ERILL in several places, and moreover I have myself found it in Elles- mereland. Consequently there seems no cause for the exclusion of the locality of Duranp, “Netlik”, which lies very near one of the localities of WETHERILL.
I have not seen the latter’s specimens, but I think it must be taken for granted that the plant of North-Western Greenland is the same as that in Ellesmereland, North-Eastern Greenland and the Northern Danish colonial districts. Consequently I have set the name used by WerHER- — ILL as a synonym, as well as that of Duranp, which in Hayes’s own list, Op. Pol. Sea, p. 399, is altered to A. labradorica. But, as I have discussed it in Fl. Ellesm., the real A. labradorica is not found in Greenland.
— Occurrence. S. Cape York (WeTHERILL); Whale Sound; Burdin Bay (Srery), Netiulumi (Weruerity), Netlik (Hayes); Cape Acland and
Fan Glacier in Inglefield Gulf (WeTHERILL).
Diapensiaceae. Diapensia lapponica, L.
D. lapponica, Simons, Fl. Ellesm.; Werueriy, List 1894.
Here, as in some other cases in the first part of my Fl. Ellesm., the localities recorded by Werxermt have been overlooked and his paper not quoted in the synonymic as it should have been. The north- ern limit of this species will thus be altered from 74° 18’ to about 76°. It is for this also that I have given a reference to his work in the synonymic which as to the rest is to be found in FI. Ellesm.
Occurrence. S. Cape York (WETHERILL).
56 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
Ericaceae. Myrtillus uliginosa, (L.) Dres. var. microphylla, (Lance) Simm.
M. ulig. var. microphylla, Simmons, FI. Ellesm. | Vaccinium uligi- nosum, Duranp, Pl. Kan. et Enum. pl. Smith S.; Harr, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; V. ulig. var. microphyllum, Naruorst, N. W. Gronl.; V. ulig. v. mucronatum, WerTHERILL, List 1894).
This plant seems to be rather common within the area, as it is ‘present in most collections. Fernatp (in WETHERILL, |. c.) uses the name “var. mucronatum, Herper” for it. I have not been able to find out where that variety is established or how it is characterized; but probably the name cannot apply to our plant. Moreover V. mucrona- tum of Linnagus, Sp. Plant., is shown to be a plant belonging to the Aquifoliaceae, Nemopanthes fascicularis, Rarin.
Here, as in Ellesmereland, the size of the leaves is very variable, and as WETHERILL mentions, specimens may be found that have quite as large leaves as those of the type.
Occurrence. S. Ivsugigsok (NaTHorst); between Cape York and Cape Dudley Digges (Kane); Inglefield Gulf: Netlik (Hayes), Cape Ac- land and Fan Glacier (WeTHERILL); Foulke Fjord (Hart), especially in the grassy slopes above Etah (245).
Vaccinium Vitis idaea, L.
V. Vitis idaea, Linnagus, Sp. Plant., 1753; Lancs, Consp. Fl. Groenl.; SuTHERLAND, Voyage; Natuorst, N. W. Grénl.; Hooxer, FI. Bor. Amer.; Britton & Browy, Ill. Fl.; Kerman, in Vegaexp.; Frmopen, Fl. Pl. Nov. Zeml.; Lepepour, FI]. Ross.; Grontunp, Isl. FI.
Fig. Fl. Dan., T. 40; Sv. Bot., T. 116.
I have entered this species in the list on the authority of Suruzr- LAND, who has it in his list, notwithstanding that I have seen no speci- men in the London collections. It is, however, not improbable that it occurs at the northern coast of Melville Bay, as it is found up to the northernmost parts of Danish Greenland.
Occurrence. S. Bushnan Island (SurHERLAND).
Distribution. West Greenland, Arctic America, Labrador, down to the Northern United States, British Columbia, Alaska, islands of the Bering Sea, Northern and Middle Asia, Europe, Novaja Semlja, Great Britain, Iceland.
4898—1902. No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W. GREENLAND. 57
Cassiope tetragona, (L.) D. Don.
C. tetragona, Simmons, FI. Ellesm.; Ostenretp, Plantes N. E. Gronl. [C. tetragona, Hart, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; Natuorst, N. W. Grénl.; Wetu- ERILL, List 1894; OsTENFELD, FI. pl. Cape York; Andromeda tetragona, Duranp, Pl. Kan. et Enum. pl. Smith Sj].
This plant seems to take as prominent a place in the vegetation on the Greenland side as it does on the western side of Smith Sound.
Occurrence. S. Bushnan Island (SurTHERLAND); Cape York (Hart, WetueRILL); between there and Cape Dudley Digges (Kane); Ivsugigsok (Natuorst); Umanak and Agpa in Wolstenholme Sound (Battg); Gran- ville Bay (My.ius Ericusen); Inglefield Gulf: Northumberland Island (Stein), Cape Acland, Bowdoin Bay and Robertson Bay (WETHERILL); Port Foulke (Hayes); Foulke Fjord (Hart), abundant at Reindeer Point and Etah (Stern, 252); Fog Inlet, Bedevilled Reach and Rensselaer Bay (Kane).
Loiseleuria procumbens, (L.) Desv.
This plant has been recorded by Kang, I Grinnell Exp., p. 143, from a place between Cape York and Cape Dudley Digges and later was entered in Natuorst, Nachtr. Now as the plant is found north of 74° in Danish Greenland it would seem very probable that it also grew here, but it is not mentioned in Duranp, Pl. Kan., and Kane himself men- lions it in such a way, as to make it very doubtful whether he, who was not much of a botanist, had not perhaps quite another plant in front of him. The lines in question run thus:— “.... the wild honey- suckle (Azalea procumbens) of our Pennsylvania woods—I could stick the entire plant in my button-hole”. Now the name “honeysuckle” is used not only for the species of Lonicera of which several grow in the woods of Pennsylvania, but also for Azalea, but hardly 1 think for A. (Loiseleuria) procumbens, a plant moreover which is not found further south in the Eastern States than on the summits of the White Moun- tains of New Hampshire and of course not as a common plant in woods. Were I to venture a guess at the plant Kane has seen, I should be most inclined to think of Rhododendron lapponicum, which has since that time been found in the same neighbourhood; but at all events the statement of Kane must be left entirely out of consideration.
Rhododendron lapponicum, (L.) WAHLENB.
Azalea lapponica, Linnagus, Sp. Plant., 1753; Rh. lapponicum, WantenserG, Fl. Lapp.; Lance, Consp. Fl. Groenl.; Kruuse, List E.
58 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
Greenl.; Werneritt, List 1894; Hooker, Fl. Bor. Amer.; Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl; Ksetuman, Fan. Vestesk. land; Lepesour, FI. Ross. Fig. Linnagus, Fl. Lapp., T. 6, f. 1; Sv. Bot., T. 481; FJ. Dan., T. 966. Occurrence. S. Cape York (WeETHERILL). Distribution. East and West Greenland, Arctic American Archi- pelago, Arctic America, Labrador, mountains of the northern United States, Rocky Mountains, Alaska, Northern Russia, Northern Scandinavia.
Pyrolaceae.
Pyrola rotundifolia, L. var. grandiffora, (Rav.) DC.
P. rotund. var. grandiflora, Stumons, FI]. Ellesm. [P. rotundifolia var. grandiflora, OstTenFrELp, Fl. pl. Cape York; P. rot. var. pumila, Werueri.1, List 1894; P. chlorantha, Duranp, Pl. Kan.].
This plant was first mentioned by Duranp, Pl. Kan., as P. chlo- rantha, but he afterwards corrected the name in Enum. Pl. Smith 5. Natuorst, however, has it as doubtful. No specimens were available and it is only recorded for “Smith Sound Stations” by Duranp; more- over, the specimens of Hayes, who also has it in his list under the same name, are from the problematical ‘“Tessiussak”. This induced Natuorsr to put a “?” for it in his table (N. W. Gronl.). But since the appearance of the last mentioned paper, the plant has been found in several places.
Occurrence. S. Cape York (WeTHERILL); between that point and Cape Dudley Digges (Kang, I Grinnell Exp., p. 143); Umanak and Saunders Island (Agpa) in Wolstenholme Sound (Baie); Bowdoin Bay in Inglefield Gulf (WetuertLL); Foulke Fjord, near Etah (216).
Onagraceae. Chamaenerium Jatifolium, (L.) Sweet.
Ch. latifolium, Simons, FI. Ellesm. [Epilobiwm latifolium, Hart, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; Wernerity, List 1894).
To judge from the few points within our area from which this spe- cies is known as yet, one would think it to be rather rare there; but probably it will in general flower scarcely, as is also the case in Elles- mereland, and, in its sterile state, it may easily be overlooked by col- ectors who are not trained botanists. In Foulke Fjord I saw only one single flower.
1898—1902. No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W. GREENLAND. 59)
Occurrence. S, Wolstenholme Sound: Saunders Island (Agpa) and Umanak (Bate); Cape Acland and Fan Glacier in Inglefield Gulf (Werx- ERILL); Foulke Fjord (Hart), in gravelly places near Etah (242).
Empetraceae. Empetrum nigrum, L.
E. nigrum, Simmons, Fl. Ellesm. [E. nigrum, Duranp, Pl. Kan.; Hart, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; Weruerity, List 1894].
As I have previously (I. c., p. 42) gone into details abouth the North- West Greenland Empetrum-form, it is not necessary to reiterate that discussion. My specimens from Foulke Fjord decidedly belong to the variety purpureum, (Rariy.) DC., as doubtless also do those of Hayes, which Duranp, Enum. pl. Smith S., has called HZ. rubrum. The plant of Hayes’s collection is reported by Duranp, |. c., p. 95, from the prob- lematical ‘“Tessiussak”. The fact that the red-fruited form is nowhere found in Danish Greenland, seems to tell against the supposition of Matueren, Grinnell Fl., which as I have discussed (p. 14), is for the rest supported by several circumstances. The Empetrum specimens may, in fact, belong to another collection. In Foulke Fjord the plant grew under similar conditions as in Ellesmereland. Ripe fruit was found August 11, 1899.
Occurrence. S. Cape York (WerTHERILL); “Smith Sound” (Kane); Foulke Fjord (Harr), near Etah (1500).
Rosaceae. Dryas integrifolia, VAuL.
D. integrifolia, Simmons, FI. Ellesm. [D. integrifolia, Duranp, Pl. Kan. et Enum. pl. Smith S.; Natnorst, N. W. Gronl.; Osrenrep, FI. pl. Cape York; D. octopetala (et var. integrifolia), Duranp, |. ¢.; Hart, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; Mezuan, Contr. Greenl.; Weruerity, List 1894; Bessets, Exp. Pol. Amer. et Amer. Nordpol Exp.; NatHorsr, N. W:
- Gronl.].
As I have previously stated (I. c., p. 43—45) all reports about Dryas forms from the area here in question, are as far as they have been controlled by examination of specimens to be referred to this species. No D. octopetala is found there as far as I know, and I feel quite justified in transferring to this place the statements about D. octopetala made by Duranp in his treatments of the collections of Kane and of Haves.
60 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
Some specimens indeed belong to the var. intermedia, Natu. [have it in my Foulke Fjord collection, OsTenFeLp reports it as having been brought home by My.ius Ericusen, and it has also been seen and collected before Natuorst (N. W. Grénl.) distinguished it from the typ- ical form of the species. To this the reports about D. octopetala also may in general be referred. It is, however, only a local form produced by certain conditions. Besides I have also found the var. canescens, Smm., in Foulke Fjord (1888).
D. integrifolia equally as in Ellesmereland seems also to be a very common and widely distributed plant in the adjacent parts of Greenland where it reaches even to the most northern part of the country. Still I think it is best to give a list of the places where it is noted from.
Occurrence. S.Cape York (Hart, WeTHERILL); Ivsugigsok (Nat- Horst); Umanak and Agpa (Saunders Island) in Wolstenholme Sound (Batxe); Granville Bay (Iterdlagssuak) (MyLius Ericusen); Inglefield Gulf: Northumberland Island (Ste); Netlik (Hayes), Fan Glacier and Cape Acland (Weruerit), Verhoef Nunatak (MEEHAN), Robertsons Bay (Wetu- ERILL); Foulke Fjord (Hart, Stein, 199, 1497, 1521, 1883); Bedevilled Reach, Rensselaer Bay and Mary Minturn River (Kane). N. Bessels Bay and Hannah Island (Hart); Polaris Bay (Hart); Lockwood Island (Lockwoop).
Alchemilla vulgaris, L.
Not having seen any specimens I can, of course, form no opinion about the plant, that Duranp, Enum. pl. Smith S., records under this name from Netlik. No Alchemilla is found north of Melville Bay by any other collector, which makes it also doubtful if the plant in question really was found there and not in Danish Greenland. Consequently the safest way is to leave it out of consideration until more reliable inform- ation about it can be produced.
Potentilla pulchella, R. Br.
P. pulchella, Smumons, Fl. Ellesm.
As is already in some measure shown in my FI. Ellesm., there is much difficulty about using the statements of the older authors about the arctic Potentillae. As for P. pulchella, this name is to be found in the lists of different authors, but it is rather difficult to form any opinion about the plants that they have had in view. As none of them has been able to discern P. rubricaulis, Lenm., it is always possible or
* 48981902. No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N.-W. GREENLAND. 61
even probable, that the latter plant may hide under some of the state- ments about P. pulchella and P. nivea. At all events P. pulchella seems to be rather a rare plant in N. W. Greenland. Besides my own specimens which represent a form from rather dry localities and which somewhat resemble the corresponding form of P. rubricaulis, I have only seen specimens collected by Narxorst (also nearly approaching P.rubricaulis) and by Hart. The P. pulchella of Duranp, Enum. pl., according to the description must be P. rubricaulis, and the same per- haps is the case with the Port Foulke plant of Haves.
Occurrence. S. Ivsugigsok (NaTHorst); Port Foulke (Hayes,?); Foulke Fjord, on a sandy beach near Reindeer Point (1529).
Potentilla rubricaulis, Len.
P. rubricaulis, Simmons, Fl. Ellesm.; Wotr, Mon. Gatt. Potent. [P. rubricaulis, OstENFeLp, F'. pl. Cape York; P. nivea var., Natuorst, N. W. Gronl.; Hart, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp., ex p.?; P. pulchella, Durann, Pl. Kan. ?].
This species is probably more common in our area than is the preceding one, but as already mentioned, it has always been overlooked and confounded with others. At Etah it was not rare in the grassy and gravelly slopes. I am very much inclined to think that the P. pul- chella of Duran is really the present species. His description clearly shows that he has not had the real P. pulchella in front of him for he says: “Flower rather large, of a deep yellow colour; petals obcord- ate, longer than the calyx”. '
Occurrence. S. Ivsugigsok (NatHorst); Umanak and Agpa in Wolstenholme Sound (Batxe); Etah in Foulke Fjord (221, 1461, 1882); Rensselaer Bay and Mary Minturn River ? (KANE).
Potentilla anserina, L.
As previously mentioned (Simmons, Fl. Ellesm., p. 54), there are no specimens to confirm Hart's statement (Bot. Br. Pol. Exp., p. 29) about the occurrence of this species at Foulke Fjord, and as it has not been found so far north by other collectors, it must be excluded from the flora of our area.
Potentilla nivea, L.
P. nivea, Linnagus, Sp. Plant., 1753; Leymann, Revis. Potent.; Ryp- BERG, Mon. Amer. Potent.; Wor, Mon. Gatt. Potent.; Lanes, Consp. FI.
62 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
Groenl.; Kruuse, List E. Greenl. and List Angmags.; Hart, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp., ex p.?; Naruorst, N. W. Gronl., ex p.?; Wetueritt, List 1894, ex p.; Hooker, Fl. Bor. Amer.; Brirron & Browy, Ill. Fl.; Lepe- sour, Fl. Ross.; Fempen, FI. Pl. Nov. Zeml.; Anpersson & HeEsseEt- MAN, Spetsb. Karly.
Fig. Fl. Dan., T. 1035.
As this species is rather common, or at least widely spread in the northern parts of Danish Greenland, it would seem probable that it should also grow in the region to the north-west. Indeed it is recorded by almost every traveller who has visited our area, yet notwithstanding, I have no doubt about my right to cancel most of their statements. As I have discussed in my Fl. Ellesm. and above, most of them are quite useless on account of the confusion of different species. Hart (Il. c.), for instance, notes it as “common everywhere”, but all his speci- mens in the London collections belong to other species, Duranp has certainly used the name in a wrong sense both in Pl. Kan. and in Enum. pl. Smith S., and as far as I can see, there is only the record of Wetu- ERILL from Whale Sound which is most probably right, which may be used. For my part I have only found it within a small area in Foulke Fjord. P. nivea also after the removal of the falsely included species, such as P. Vahliana, P. rubricaulis, and others, is yet a rather vari- able plant. Even at the Foulke Fjord locality three forms of it can be distinguished. The rarest of them is the form with rather broad, rounded leaflets, having short teeth (205, 4270), as the plant generally appears in Europe. Somewhat less sparingly found was the form that is the most common in the arctic regions, especially in Greenland, which has longer and narrower leaflets that are more deeply incised (1460). This form corresponds to the variety 6 pinnatifida of LeHmann, whose ¢ pentaphylla again includes the most luxuriant forms with 5-digitate leaves occurring in greater abundance. However, none of my specimens can be referred to the latter. But in another respect they are somewhat different. Some of them show the typical dense white woolly clothing of the lower surface of the leaflets, but others are almost entirely quite green (or reddish). They do not, however, quite agree with the « swb- viridis of LenMann, nor are they referable to var. pallidior, Swartz, Sum. Veg. Scand. The plant in this state indeed shows a rather close resemblance to the P. Hookeriana, Leum., such as it is figured in Rev. Potent., T. 55, but that species of which specimens are entirely lacking in all collections to which I have had access, is said to have the leaves white-tomentose on bolh sides. Such specimens are distributed under
1898—1902. No. 16.] FLOW. PLANTS AND FERNS OF N..W. GREENLAND, 63
No. 4271, but I have deemed it best not to give them any separate name.
Occurrence. S. Whale Sound: Netiulumi (Werueritt); Foulke Fjord: grassy slopes and ledges near Etah (205, 1460, 4270, 4271). All older statements must be excluded even though it may be probable that the plant has a wider range within the area here in question.
Distribution: East and West Greenland, southern islands of the Arctic American Archipelago, Arctic America, Labrador, Canada, New- foundland, Rocky Mountains down to Utah and Colorado, British Co- lumbia, Eastern Siberia, down to the Himalayas and the Caucasus, Arc- tic Russia, Northern and Alpine Scandinavia, the Alps, Novaja Semlja, Spitsbergen.
Potentilla Vahliana, Lenn.
P. Vahliana, Simmons, Fl. Ellesm.; Wotr, Mon. Gatt. Potent. [P. Vahliana, Natuorst, N. W. Groénl.; Werueritt, List 1894; Osren- FELD, Fl. pl. Cape York; P. nivea, Durann, Pl. Kan.].
Owing to the confusion with other species, especially P. nivea, in the statements of most authors, it is difficult to form any distinct opin- ion about the range of this plant, as I have already shown (I. c¢., p. 55). I will, however, try to give a list of the places where it is found as far as can be judged from the statements in literature or from specimens seen in the collections.
Occurrence. S. Cape York (WeTHERILL); Ivsugigsok (NaTHoRST); Umanak and Agpa in Wolstenholme Sound (Baie); Carey Islands: Bjérling Island (WeTHERILL); Netlik (Hayes); Foulke Fjord: gravel and clay plains near Etah (210, 1498); Rensselaer Bay (Kane). Probably also further northward, as it is found in Grinnell Land.
Potentilla emarginata, Pursu.
P. emarginata, Smmons, FI. Ellesm.; Osrenretp, Plantes N. E. Gronl. [P. emarginata, Mecuan, Contr. Greenl.; WerTseriy, List 1894; OstenFELD, Fl. pl. Cape York; P. fragiformis, Naruorst, N. W. Gronl.; P. frigida, Hart, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; Wetueritz, 1 c.; Duranp, Pl. Kan.; P. nivea 8 concolor, Durann, I. c.].
Probably this species is common throughout the area, as most collectors have brought it home. Most authors seem also to have been able to distinguish it from others; but still it seems fairly probable that the P. nivea 8 concolor of Duranp, Pl. Kan., p. 190, belongs to it, as doubtless does his P. nana.
64 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT. EXP. FRAM
Occurrence. 8S. Cape York (Stem); Ivsugigsok (NatHorst); Wol- stenholme Sound: Umanak and Agpa (Bate); Wolstenholme Island (Meenan); Granville Bay (Iterdlagsuak) (Myurus Ericusen); Inglefield Gulf: nunatak in Verhoeff Glacier (MeeHAN); Fan Glacier and Bowdoin Bay (WerueriLt); Northumberland Island (Stern); Foulke Fjord (Hart), slopes and ledges at Reindeer Point and Etah (Srein, 4216, 4217); Fog Inlet (Kane); Rensselaer Harbour? (Kane). N. Polaris Bay (Coppincer).
Potentilla tridentata, Sot.
This species is recorded by Duranp, Pl. Kan., p. 191, from Rens. selaer Harbour, but as it is hardly found north of the Disco region, there has doubtless been some confusion of specimens and consequently it is not to be reckoned as a member of the flora of this region any more than is P. maculata, Pourr., which Natuorst has through some mis- take entered in his table (N. W. Gronl., p. 31) for Rensselaer Harbour. Duranp, however, does not record any such plant for that locality either in Pl. Kan., or in Enum. pl. Indeed he speaks of a “P. nivea B concolor”, which Lance, Consp. Fl. Groenl., p. 6, has thought to be P. maculata, but I cannot see any sufficient reason for his conjecture. Duranb, indeed, speaks of “two flowerless specimens”, but besides this he also describes the flower and gives three localities for it which shows that he has had more specimens before him than the sterile ones. Most probably the plant from Rensselaer Bay has been P. emarginata.
Saxifragaceae. Saxifraga oppositifolia, L.
S. oppositifolia, Simmons, FI. Ellesm.; Ostenrecp, Plantes N. E. Gronl. [S. oppositifolia, Duranp, Pl. Kan. et Enum. pl. Smith 5.; Hart, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; Greety, Rep.; Natuorst, N. W. Gronl.; Meenan, Contr. Greenl.; Werueritt, List 1894; Ostenretp, Fi. pl. Cape York].
This plant, presumably the most common of all arctic species, seems to be equally abundant in N. W. Greenland as in Ellesmereland in nearly every kind of vegetation. Still I will give a list of the places from whence it is noted.
Occurrence. S.Cape York (Hart, WeTHERILL); Ivsugigsok (Nat- Horst); Granville Bay (Iterdlagsuak) (Mytius Ericusen); Umanak and Agpa (Saunders Island) in Wolstenholme Sound (Batts); Carey Islands:
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Bjérling Island (WerHERILL); Inglefield Gulf: Redcliffe House (Megan), Robertson Bay, Cape Acland and Fan Glacier (WetuHERILL), North- umberland Island (Stein); Foulke Fjord: everywhere (Hart, Hayes, STEIN, 201). N. Lafayette Bay (Kane); Bessels Bay and Polaris Bay (Hart); Lockwood Island (Loockwoop).
Saxifraga flagellaris, Wii.
S. flagellaris, Simmons, FI. Ellesm. |S. flagellaris, Duranp, PI. Kan.; Hayes, Op. Pol. Sea; Harr, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; Mgenan, Contr. Greenl.; Ostenretp, Fl. pl. Cape York).
This species is one of the decidedly northern immigrants in Green- land, where it seem to be most abundant in the northernmost parts. Jn the western coast, it does not even reach as far down as Melville Bay (if the certainly mistaken statement of Kane for Disco is excluded).
Occurrence. S. Wolstenholme Sound: Umanak and Agpa (BaLLe); Inglefield Gulf: Northumberland Island (Stet), M’Cormick Bay (MEEHAN); Cape Alexander (Hayes, Op. Pol. Sea, p. 80); Foulke Fjord: Point Jen- sen (CoppincER), Reindeer Point (197), Etah (Stet), at the bottom of the Fjord at an altitude of 1200—1500 ft. (Harr); Fog Inlet and Rensselaer Harbour (Kane). N. Lafayette Bay (Kane).
Saxifraga aizoides, L.
S. aizoides, Stmmoys, FI. Ellesm. [S. aizoides, Meenan, Contr. Greenl.].
Occurrence. S. Wolstenholme Island in Wolstenholme Sound, and M’Cormick Bay in Inglefield Gulf (Meguay).
Saxifraga tricuspidata, Rotts.
S. tricuspidata, Simmons, FI. Ellesm. [S. tricuspidata, Dick, Not. fl. pl, in Incterretp, Summer Search; Durann, Pl. Kan. et Enum. pl. Smith S.; Hart, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; Natuorst, N. W. Groénl.; MEEHAN, Contr. Greenl.; WeTHERILL, List 1894; Osrenrexp, Fl. pl. Cape York].
Occurrence. S. Cape York (WeTHERILL); Ivsugigsok (NaTHoRsT) ; Wolstenholme Sound: Agpa (Saunders Island) and Umanak (BALLE); Inglefield Gulf: Burdin Bay (IncLerretp), “Common everywhere, on the Verhoeff Nunatak” (MeeHan), Bowdoin Bay and Northumberland Island (WerHeErRILL, Sten); Foulke Fjord: Port Foulke (Hayes), Etah, Reindeer Point, and other localities (Hart, Stern, 227); Fog Inlet and Rensselaer Harbour (Kane).
5
66 H. G. SIMMONS. [SEC. ARCT, EXP, FRAM
Saxifraga nivalis, L.
S. nivalis, Simmons, Fl. Ellesm.; Osrenretp, Plantes N. E. Gronl. [S. nivalis, SurHerLAND, Voyage; Duranp, Pl. Kan. et Enum. pl. Smith S.; Hart, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; Nataorst, N. W. Gronl.; Osrenrexp, Fil. pl. Cape York].
Only the main form seems to have been found in N. W. Greenland.
Occurrence. S. Bushnan Island (SuTHERLAND); Ivsugigsok (Nat- Horst); Umanak and Agpa in Wolstenholme Sound (Batts); Inglefield Gulf: Northumberland Island (Stem); Foulke Fjord: Port Foulke (Hayes), and different places near Reindeer Point and Etah (Hart, Stem, 207, 1489); Fog Inlet, Bedevilled Reach, and Rensselaer Harbour (Kang).
Saxifraga stellaris, L.
S. stellaris, Simmons, Fl. Ellesm. [S. stellaris, Naruorst, N. W. Gronl.; S. foliolosa, Durann, Pl. Kan.].
As I have previously mentioned, this plant usually appears in the state representing the var. comosa, Retz.; only some of the specimens from the southernmost locality —Ivsugigsok—have the terminal flower developed.
Occurrence. S. Ivsugigsok (NarHorst); Northumberland Island (Stein); Foulke Fjord: moist mossy places near Reindeer Point (244, 1493); Fog Inlet (Kane).
Saxifraga groenlandica, L.
S. groenlandica, Simmons, Fl. Ellesm.; S. caespitosa, OSTENFELD, Plantes N. E. Grénl. [S. caespitosa, Duranp, Pl. Kan.; Hart, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; Werueritt, List 1894: OsTenrexp, Fl. pl. Cape York].
All the specimens from our area seem to belong to the variety uniflora, (R. Br.) Simm., such as I have described it (I. ¢., p. 71—72).
Occurrence. S. Cape York (Hart, Werueritt); Wolstenholme Sound: Umanak and Agpa (Bate); Inglefield Gulf: Northumberland Island (Stein); Foulke Fjord at Etah (Stem) and other places (Harv, 251, 1506); Rensselaer Harbour (Kane). N. Bessels Bay and Polaris Bay (Har). Probably everywhere.
Saxifraga cernua, L.
S. cernua, Simmons, Fl. Ellesm.; Ostenreitp, Plantes N. E. Gronl. [S. cernua, Dickie, Not. fl. pl. in Ineerretp, Summer Search; Durano, Pl. Kan. et Enum. pl. Smith S.; Harr, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; NatHorsr,
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N. W. Gronl.; Meeuan, Contr. Greenl.; Werneritt, List 1894; Osten- FELD, Fl. pl. Cape York}. ;
Very common, but abundant only in manured places such as rook- eries and old places of habitation. Some individuals may be branched, but more than a single flower is rarely developed.
Occurrence. S. Cape York (Srery); Ivsugigsok (Natuorst); Wol- stenholme Sound (InGLerte.p): Umanak and Agpa (Battie), Inglefield Gulf: Northumberland Island (Srew, Werxerm), Cape Acland (WertH- ERILL), Verhoeff Nunatak (Mrenan); Foulke F jord: Reindeer Point, Etah, etc. (202, Srem, Hart), Port Foulke (Hayes); up to 80° (Kang) and doubtless also to the north.
Saxifraga rivularis, L.
S. rivularis, Simmons, Fl. Ellesm.; Ostenretp, Plantes N. E. Gronl. [S. rivularis, Duranp, Enum. pl. Smith S.; Harv, Bot. Br. Pol. Exp.; Natuorst, N. W. Grénl.].
Besides the common, taller, and often branched form, I also found the same small form that I have mentioned from Ellesmereland (I. c., p. 76), and according to Mr. Hotm the var. purpurascens, Lance, is collected by Stern.
Occurrence. S.Cape York (Hart, Stern); Ivsugigsok (NaTHORST); Inglefield Gulf: Northumberland Island (Stet), Netlik (Hayes); Foulke Fjord (Hart),